Agar
Agarose (or
agar) is a
galactose polymer obtained from the
cell walls of some species of
red algae or
seaweed (
Sphaerococcus euchema) and species of
Gelidium and
Gracilaria, chiefly from eastern
Asia,
Chile and
California. The word
agar comes from the Malay word
agar-agar. It is also known as
kanten or
agal-agal (Ceylon agar).
Chemically, agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar
galactose; it is a component of the algae's cell walls. Dissolved in hot water and cooled, agar becomes
gelatinous; its chief use is as a culture medium for
microbiological work. Other uses are as a
laxative, a
vegetarian gelatin substitute — a thickener for soups, in
jellies,
ice cream and
Japanese desserts such as
anmitsu, as a clarifying agent in
brewing, and for
paper sizing fabrics.
Agar is typically sold as packaged strips of washed and dried seaweed, or in powdered form. Raw agar is white and semi-translucent. For making jelly, it is boiled in water at a concentration of about 0.7-1%
w/v (e.g. a 7
gram packet of powder into 1
litre of water would be 0.7%) until the solids dissolve, after which sweeteners, flavouring, colouring, and pieces of fruit may be added. The agar-agar may then be poured into
molds or incorporated into other desserts, such as a jelly layer on a
cake.
One of the latest fad diets in Asia is the
Kanten Diet. Once ingested, kanten triples in size and absorbs water. This results in the consumer feeling more full. Recently this diet has received some press coverage in the United States as well. The diet has shown promise in obesity studies, but agar/kanten has virtually no nutritional value. It is approximately 80% fiber, so part of the diet's effectiveness may be a result of it working as a laxative. There are also some (claimed) effects as to the benefits of agar-agar in controlling diabetes.
Research grade agar is used extensively in plant biology as it is supplemented with a nutrient and vitamin mixture that allows for seedling germination in petri dishes under sterile conditions (given that the seeds are sterilized as well). Nutrient and vitamin supplementation for
Arabidopsis thaliana is standard across most experiemental conditions.
Murashige & Skoog (MS) nutrient mix and Gamborg's B5 vitamin mix are generally used. A 1.0% agar/0.44% MS+vitamin dH20 solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps.
It is important to note that the solidification of the agar within any growth media (GM) is pH-dependent, with an optimal range between 5.4-5.7. Usually, the application of KOH is needed to increase the pH to this range. A general guideline would be about 600 µl 0.1M KOH per 250 ml GM. This entire mixture can be autoclaved using the liquid cycling.
This medium nicely lends itself to the application of specific concentrations of phytohormones etc. to induce specific growth patterns in that you can easily prepare a solution contianing the desired amount of hormone, add it to the known volume of GM and autoclave to both sterilize and evaporate off any solvent you mave have used to dissolve the often polar hormones in. This hormone/GM solution can be spread across the surface of petri dishes sown with germinated and/or etiolated seedlings.
Main article: Agar plate
Nutrient agar is used throughout the world as a medium for the growth of
bacteria and
fungi, but not
viruses (however, viruses are often grown in bacteria that are growing on agar). Though less than 1% of all existing bacteria can be grown successfully, the basic agar formula can be used to grow most of the
microbes, whose needs are known. More specific nutrient agars are available, because microbes can be picky. For example, blood agar, which is generally combined with horse blood, can be used to detect the presence of haemorrhagic micro-organisms such as E.coli O:157 H:7. The bacteria digest the blood, turning the plate clear.
Agarose is also used in Agarose
gel electrophoresis.
Selective media
Selective media is agar specially treated to apply a selective pressure to organisms growing on it -- for example, to select for salt-tolerant, gram-positive, or gram-negative bacteria. To select for only gram negative organisms you would use
MacConkey agar, which would also in turn tell you if the gram negative organism is a lactose fermenter or not indicated by red colonies instead of translucent (non- lactose fermenter).
Differential media
Differential media includes an indicator that causes visible, easily detectable changes in the appearance of the agar gel or bacterial colonies in a specific group of bacteria. For example, EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue) agar causes E. Coli colonies to have a metallic green sheen, and MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar) turns yellow in the presence of mannitol fermenting bacteria.
Hysteresis describes the phenomenon of the differing liquid-solid state
transition temperatures that agar exhibits. Agar melts at 85 °C and solidifies from 32-40 °C.
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Agar plate*
Rhodophyta*
Asepsis*
Microbiology*
General agar information
