Alpha (biology)
In
social animals, the
alpha male or
alpha female is the individual in the community whom the others follow and defer to. Where one male and one female fulfill this role, they are referred to as the
alpha pair.
Chimpanzees show deference to the alpha of the community by ritualised gestures such as bowing, allowing the alpha to walk first in a procession, or standing aside when the alpha challenges.
Canines also show deference to the alpha pair in their
pack, by allowing them to be the first to eat and, usually, the only pair to
mate;
wolves are a good example of this.
The status of the alpha is generally achieved by means of superior physical prowess.However, in certain highly social species such as the
bonobo, a contender can use more indirect methods, such as political alliances, to oust the ruling alpha and take his/her place.
In humans, the
alpha male often refers to a man who is powerful or high on the social ladder. In western cultures, the term is somewhat pejorative and describes a man who is overly masculine to the point of arrogance and cold-heartedness.
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Bonobo page
