Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand. |
His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este (
German:
Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef von Habsburg-Lothringen, Erzherzog von Österreich-Este) (
December 18,
1863 –
June 28,
1914) was an
Archduke of
Austria Prince Imperial of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the
Austro-Hungarian throne. His
assassination in Sarajevo precipitated the Austrian
declaration of war against
Serbia which triggered
World War I.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand (right) with his family. |
Francis Ferdinand (Franz Ferdinand) was born in
Graz,
Austria, the eldest son of
Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria (younger brother of
Emperor Franz Josef) and of his second wife, Princess
Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies. When he was only twelve years old, his cousin
Duke Francis V of Modena died, naming Franz Ferdinand his heir on condition that he add the name Este to his own. Franz Ferdinand thus became one of the wealthiest men in Europe.
When he was born, there was no reason to think that Franz Ferdinand would ever be heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. He was given the normal strict education of an archduke with an emphasis on history and moral character. From
1876 to
1885 his tutor was the historian
Onno Klopp. In
1877 Franz Ferdinand entered the army with the rank of second lieutenant.
As a young man Franz Ferdinand developed two great passions: hunting and travel. It is estimated that he shot more than 5,000 deer in his lifetime. In
1883 he visited Italy for the first time in order to see the properties left to him by Duke Francis V of Modena. In
1885 he visited
Egypt,
Palestine,
Syria, and
Turkey. In
1889 he visited
Germany.
In
1889 Franz Ferdinand's life changed dramatically. His cousin
Crown Prince Rudolf committed suicide at his hunting lodge in
Mayerling, leaving Franz Ferdinand's father, Archduke Karl Ludwig, as first in line to the throne. Henceforth, Franz Ferdinand was groomed to succeed.
In
1895 Francis Ferdinand (Franz Ferdinand) met Countess
Sophie Chotek at a ball in
Prague. To be an eligible marriage partner for a member of the House of
Habsburg, one must be a member of one of the reigning or formerly reigning dynasties of Europe. The Choteks were not one of these families, although they did include among their ancestors, in the female line, princes of
Baden,
Hohenzollern-Hechingen, and
Liechtenstein.
Sophie was a lady-in-waiting to
Archduchess Isabella, wife of
Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen. Franz Ferdinand began to visit Archduke Friedrich's villa in
Bratislava (formerly Pressburg). Sophie wrote to Franz Ferdinand during his convalescence from
tuberculosis when he went to the island of
Lošinj in the
Adriatic. They kept their relationship a secret for more than two years.
Archduchess Isabella assumed that Franz Ferdinand was enamored with one of her daughters. In
1898, however, he left his watch lying on a tennis court at her home. She opened the watch, expecting to find there a photograph of one of her daughters; instead, she found a photograph of Sophie. Sophie was immediately dismissed from her position.
Franz Ferdinand refused to consider marrying anyone else.
Pope Leo XIII,
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and the
German Emperor Wilhelm II all made representations on Franz Ferdinand's behalf to the Emperor
Franz Joseph of Austria, arguing that the disagreement between Franz Joseph and Franz Ferdinand was undermining the stability of the monarchy.
Finally, in
1899, the Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to permit Franz Ferdinand to marry Sophie, on condition that the marriage would be
morganatic and that their descendants would not have succession rights to the throne. Sophie would not share her husband's rank, title, precedence, or privileges; as such, she would not normally appear in public beside him.
The wedding took place on
July 1,
1900, at Reichstadt (now
Zákupy) in
Bohemia; Franz Joseph did not attend the affair, nor did any archduke including Franz Ferdinand's brothers. The only members of the imperial family who were present were Franz Ferdinand's stepmother, Maria Theresia, and her two daughters. Upon the marriage, Sophie was given the title
Princess of Hohenberg (Fürstin von Hohenberg) with the style
Her Serene Highness (Ihre Durchlaucht). In
1909 she was given the more senior title
Duchess of Hohenberg (Herzogin von Hohenberg) with the style
Her Highness (Ihre Hoheit). This raised her status considerably, but she still took precedence at court after all the archduchesses. Whenever a function required the couple to gather with the other members of royalty, Sophie was forced to stand far down the line of importance, separated from her husband.
Franz Ferdinand's children were:
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Princess Sophie von Hohenberg (
1901-
1990), married Count Friedrich von Nostitz-Rieneck (
1891-
1973)
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Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg (
1902-
1962), married Countess Elisabeth von Waldburg zu Wolfegg und Waldsee (
1904-
1993)
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Prince Ernst von Hohenberg (
1904-
1954), married Marie-Therese Wood (
1910-
1985)
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stillborn son (
1908)
Franz Ferdinand alienated many sections of Austro-Hungarian political opinion:
Hungarian nationalists opposed his advocacy of universal male
suffrage which would undermine
Magyar domination in the Hungarian kingdom; both supporters and opponents of the Empire's existing dualist structure were suspicious of his idea for a third
Croat-dominated
Slav kingdom including
Bosnia and Herzegovina as a bulwark against what was perceived in Vienna's
Ballhausplatz (
Foreign Ministry) as
Serbian
irredentism; and non-Catholics and anticlericalists were angered by his patronage (
April 22,
1900) of the Catholic Schools Association.
Although Franz Ferdinand was seen outside Germany as a leader of the "war party" within Austria-Hungary, this was entirely untrue. In fact, the Archduke was one of the leading advocates of maintaining the peace within the Austro-Hungarian government during both the
Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909 and the
Balkan Wars of 1912-1913.
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Automobile in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination |
See main article Assassination in Sarajevo.On
June 28,
1914, at approximately 11:00 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in
Sarajevo by
Gavrilo Princip, a member of
Young Bosnia (or perhaps
The Black Hand). The event, known as the
Assassination in Sarajevo, was the trigger of
World War I. Franz Ferdinand is interred in
Artstetten Castle,
Austria.
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand d´Este (czech)
