Arrow
An
arrow is a pointed
projectile that is shot with a
bow. It predates recorded history and is common to most
cultures.
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Native American arrowheads. |
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American Indian arrowheads of several shapes and functions |
An arrow consists of a long and thin shaft made formerly of wood and now also from
aluminium or
carbon fiber composite. The stiffness of this shaft is referred to as its "spine." When selecting arrows for shooting, one must consider its spine, diameter, and length. An arrow which is too stiff (has too much spine) for a bow with a certain draw weight will shatter. This is because a great deal of energy is delivered into the shaft by the limbs of the bow when the shot is released. If an arrow is too short for a bow's draw length, it may fall off the bow rest when the bow is drawn, and if released may be driven into the shooter's hand or wrist. As an arrow flies toward its target, its shaft will bend and flex from side to side, almost like a fish swimming through water.
Arrowhead
The arrow is pointed or armed with an
arrowhead or "point" at one end and with a
nock or notch in the other. The nock serves to keep the arrow in place on the string as the bow is being drawn. Arrowheads fit
hunting and
military purpose better than a mere point, which is mostly useful for target-shooting because it is smaller and therefore more aerodynamic, allowing for faster speeds and a flatter trajectory. The main type of arrowheads used in medieval periods for battle purposes were broadhead, swallowtail, and
bodkin. Pitch and tar arrows were also used for setting fire to the fields enemies were attacking on. A modern broadhead arrow has somewhere between two and six razor-sharp blades which are about an inch or an inch and a half long. Some broadheads have mechanisms which keep the blades inside the shaft until contact is made to decrease air resistance. The killing power of an arrow comes from its ability to slice through organs and major arteries and veins; the victim often dies as a result of blood loss. A shot which strikes a limb at a major blood vessel can be just as lethal as a shot to a major organ if a tourniquet is not immediately applied.
Vanes / Feathers
Near the notch end are vanes parallel to the shaft which keep the arrow pointed in the direction of travel by strongly damping down any tendency to
pitch or yaw. There are often three vanes but many
fletchings have four or even more. They were originally made from
feathers (often from a
Goose or
Turkey) bound to the arrow's shaft, but are now often made of
plastic. Vanes can be anywhere from two to six inches in length. Artisans who make arrows by hand are known as "fletchers," a word related to the
French word for arrow,
flèche. To fletch an arrow means to provide it with its vanes.
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Archery*
Swiss arrow*
Arrows of English Warbows*
Arrow poisons*
Types of Arrowheads made by Arrowsmith
