Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh (
Devanagari: अरुणाचल प्रदेश) is a
state of
India. It is part of what are called the
Seven Sister States of the Northeast of India. Arunachal Pradesh borders the state of
Assam to the south and
Nagaland to the south east.
Myanmar lies to the east of the state,
Bhutan to the west, while the
McMahon Line separates it from the zone of control of the
People's Republic of China to the north.
Itanagar is the capital of the state.
Arunachal Pradesh is one of two main disputed regions between India and China, the other being
Aksai Chin: the
People's Republic of China does not recognize the state of Arunachal Pradesh, nor the McMahon Line. The PRC regards most of the territory administered by Arunachal Pradesh as Chinese territory occupied by India, and splits the area nominally among six border counties of the
Tibet Autonomous Region: (from west to east)
Cona,
Lhünzê,
Nang,
Mainling,
Mêdog, and
Zayü. The name
South Tibet (藏南
pinyin: Zàngnán) is often used by Chinese websites to refer to the disputed region. At the same time, both the PRC and India have defined a
Line of Actual Control, and it is widely believed that this dispute is not likely to result in actual hostilities. Arunachal Pradesh was administered as the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) until
1972, when it became the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh. It was given full statehood in November
1986 after taking into consideration the security situation in the east and Sino-Indian tensions.
"Arunachal Pradesh" means "land of the dawn-lit mountains" [
1] or "land of the rising sun" [
2] ("
pradesh" means "state" or "region").
The first ancestors of the tribal groups migrated from
Tibet during the pre-historic period, they were joined by Thai-Burmese counterparts later. Except for the northwestern parts of the state, little is known about the history of Arunachal Pradesh, although the
Apatani tribe had legendary knowledge of the history. Recorded history was only available in the
Ahom chronicles during the 16th century. The tribal
Monpa and
Sherdukpen do keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the
Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 B.C. and 600 A.D. This region then came under the loose control of
Tibet and
Bhutan, especially in the Northern areas. The remaining parts of the state, especially those bordering
Myanmar, came under the control of the
Ahom and the
Assamese until the annexation of
India by the British in 1858.
Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples such as the 14th Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in
West Siang shed new light on the ancient history of Arunachal Pradesh. Paintings of the Hindu gods and altars remained untouched for many years. They attracted many local pilgrims. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar, suggested that the
Idu Mishmi had a local civilisation. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old Tawang monastery in the
Tawang district also provides historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal peoples.
In 1913-14, the British administrator, Sir
Henry McMahon, drew up the 550-mile
McMahon Line as the border between British India and Tibet during the
Simla Conference, as Britain sought to advance its line of control and establish buffer zones around its colony in South Asia. The Tibetan and British representatives at the conference agreed to the line, which ceded
Tawang and other Tibetan areas to British India; however the Chinese representative refused to accept the line owing to domestic pressures. The Chinese position since then has been that since China was sovereign over Tibet, the line was invalid without Chinese agreement. As a result, China has not accepted the validity of the McMahon Line and regards India's control of Arunachal Pradesh as an illegal occupation.
For the first two decades after the Simla Conference, the Survey of India did not show the McMahon Line as the border between British India and Tibet either; only in
1937 did they publish a map showing it as the official boundary; in
1938 the Survey of India published a map showing Tawang as a part of Tibet. In
1944, Britain established administrations in the area, from
Dirang Dzong in the west to
Walong in the east. The situation developed further as India became independent and the
People's Republic of China was established in the late 1940s: with the PRC poised to take over Tibet, India unilaterally declared the McMahon Line to be the boundary in November
1950, and forced the Tibetan administration out of the Tawang area in
1951, despite Tibetan and PRC protests. [
3][
4] The NEFA (North East Frontier Agency) was created in
1954.
The issue was quiet during the next decade or so of cordial Sino-Indian relations, but erupted again during the
Sino-Indian War of
1962. The cause of the escalation into war is still disputed by both Chinese and Indian sources, please refer to
Sino-Indian War for details [
5]. During the war in 1962 PRC captured most of the NEFA. However, the PRC soon declared victory and voluntarily withdrew back to the
McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.
Of late, Arunachal Pradesh faces threat from terrorist groups, notably the
National Socialist Council of Nagalim (NSCN), who were believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and Tirap.
[Apang rules out Chakma compromise]There were occasional reports of these terrorist groups harassing the local people.
[[6]]Much of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the
Himalayas, although parts of
Lohit,
Changlang and
Tirap are covered by the
Patkai. Kangto (7090m), Nyegi Kangsang (7050m), the main Gorichen peak (6488m) and the Eastern Gorichen peak (6222m) are some of the highest peaks in the Himalayas.
[[7]]Climate
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. Areas with very high elevation in the Upper Himalayas near the
Tibetan border enjoy an alpine or
Tundra climate. Below the Upper Himalayas come the Middle Himalayas, where people experience a temperate climate. Fruits like
apples,
oranges, etc are grown. Areas at the sub-Himalayan and sea-level elevation experience a humid sub-tropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters.
The state receives heavy rainfall of 80 to 160 inches (2,000 to 4,000 mm) annually, most of it falling between May and September. The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf
rhododendron,
oak,
pine,
maple,
fir, and
juniper;
sal (Shorea) and
teak are the main economic species.
Arunachal Pradesh is divided into fifteen districts, each administered by a
district collector, who sees to the needs of the local people. Especially along the Tibetan border, the
Indian army has considerable presence due to the concern about Chinese intentions. Special permits called Inner Line Permits (ILP)are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of it checkgates on its border with Assam.
Districts of Arunachal Pradesh:
*
Anjaw*
Changlang*
East Kameng*
East Siang*
Kurung Kumey*
Lohit*
Lower Dibang Valley*
Lower Subansiri*
Papumpare*
Tawang District*
Tirap*
Upper Dibang Valley*
Upper Subansiri*
Upper Siang*
West Kameng*
West Siang65% of the Arunachalis belong to 20 major-collective tribes and 82 tribes, who had a heritage of a diverse and rich culture, language and beliefs. Most of them are either of
Tibetan or of Thai-Burmese origin. Another 35% of the population are immigrants, including 30,000 Bangladeshi,
Bodo Hajong and
Chakma expartriates, and immigrants from other parts of
India, notably
Assam and
Nagaland.The most notable tribes include the
Adi,
Nishi Monpa and
Apa Tani.
The literacy of the State rose to 54.74% from 41.59% in 1991. As of today, the number of literates is 487,796. Recent statistics shows that 36% of Arunachal's population are
Animist, who follow Animistic religions such as
Donyi-Polo and Rangfrah. 37% claim to be
Hindus. Tribes who follow Hinduism include the
Nocte and
Miri. [
8] Another 13% of the population claim to be Buddhist. Tibetan Buddhism predominates in the districts of
Tawang,
West Kameng and isolated regions adjacent to
Tibet, and
Theravada Buddhism is practiced by tribal groups living near the Burmese border.
Christians, mostly Baptist, present since 1961, account for another 13% of the population. There are some non Baptist groups active since 1990. Christianity is widely practiced by several Naga tribes in
Changlang and
Tirap adjacent to
Nagaland. Though not common, a few tribal groups combine the Christian and Animist belief systems together. The presence of large groups of
Chakma and Bodo Hajong refugees had spurred up mixed reactions among the local people. Although some Chakmas were granted voting rights in 2004,
[40 years on, Chakma refugees win right to vote ] they were refused citizenship status by the Chief Minister.
[Apang rules out Chakma compromise]Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices
estimated by
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
| Year ¦¦ Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|
| 1980 | 1,070 |
| 1985 | 2,690 |
| 1990 | 5,080 |
| 1995 | 11,840 |
| 2000 | 17,830 |
Arunachal Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $706 million in current prices.
Agriculture is the primary driver of the economy. Jhum, the local word for shifting cultivation, which was widely practised among the tribal groups has come to be less practiced. The forest-products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are sawmills, plywood (these two trades however have been stopped by law), rice mills, fruit preservation units and handloom handicrafts.
The state's airports are located at
Itanagar, Daparjio, Ziro, Along, Tezu and Pashigat. However, owing to the rough terrain, these airports are mostly small and cannot handle many flights. Arunachal Pradesh has two highways; the 336km National Highway 52, completed in 1998, connects Jonai with Dirak.
[[9]] There is another highway which connects
Tezpur in
Assam with
Tawang.
[[10]]The unspoiled environment of Arunachal Pradesh has attracted tourists from many parts of the world. There is also significant locally arranged tourism to see the cultural diversity of Arunachal Pradesh, places from
Bomdila and
Tawang to
Tirap. At this time, foreigners need a special travel permit to enter Arunachal Pradesh.
*
List of disputed or occupied territories*
List of Arunachalis*
Religion in Arunachal Pradesh*
Arunachal Dragon Force*
South Tibet
*
Official Government website of Arunachal Pradesh*
Tourism Department of Arunachal Pradesh*
Large Map of the Disputed Region*
Arunachal Pradesh Internet Directory*
Photographs of Arunachal Pradesh*
portal of Indian leaders, states, and districts*
1962 Border War between India and China*
Arunachal Pradesh Flowers*
In Search of New Identities by Pura Tado, The Telegraph, Kolkata, May 24, 2004.
*
Professionals of the North East India across the World*
C-NES profile*
NGO's in Arunachal Praedesh
