Atlas (mythology)
In
Greek mythology,
Atlas was one of the primordial
Titans.
Atlas was the son of the Titan
Iapetos and the
Oceanid Klymene.
[Hesiod, Theogony 507] Where a Titan and a Titaness are assigned each of the seven planetary powers, Atlas is paired with
Phoibe and governs the
moon.
[Robert Graves instances Homer, Iliad v.898; Apollonius Rhodius ii. 1232; Bibliotheke i.1.3; Hesiod, Theogony 113; Stephanus of Byzantium, under "Adana"; Aristophanes Birds 692ff; Clement of Rome Homilies vi.4.72.] He had three brothers â€"
Prometheus,
Epimetheus and
Menoitius.
[Hesiod, Theogony'' 371]Children
Sources describe Atlas as the father, by different goddesses, of numerous children, mostly daughters:
* by
Hesperis, the
Hesperides;
[Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History 4.26.2]* by
Pleione (or
Aithre[Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21; Ovid, Fasti 5.164]):* the
Hyades,
[Hyginus, Fabulae 192]:* a son,
Hyas,
[Hyginus, Fabulae 192]:* the
Pleiades;
[Hesiod, Works and Days 383; Apollodorus, 3.110; Ovid, Fasti 5.79]* and by one or more unspecified goddesses:*
Kalypso,
[[[Homer, Odyssey 1.52; Apollodorus, E7.23]:* {{Dione (mythology)|Dione}},
[Hyginus, Fabulae 82, 83]:* {{Maera|Maira}}.
[{{Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias}}, Guide to Greece 8.12.7, 8.48.6]Some of these are assigned conflicting or overlapping identities or parentage in different sources.
Punishment
Atlas sided with the Titans in their war (known as the {{Titanomachy}}) against the {{Twelve Olympians|Olympians}}. His brothers Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoitius weighed the odds and betrayed the other Titans by an alliance with the Olympians. When the Titans were defeated, many of them were confined to {{Tartarus|Tartaros}}, but {{Zeus}} condemned Atlas to stand at the western edge of the {{Gaia (mythology)|earth}} and hold up the {{Uranus (mythology)|heavens}} on his shoulders, to prevent the two from resuming their primordial embrace.
Variations
In a late story,
[Polyidus, Fragment 837; Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.627] a giant named Atlas tried to drive a wandering {{Perseus (mythology)|Perseus}} from the place where the {{Atlas mountains}} now stand. Perseus revealed {{Medusa|Medousa}}'s head, turning Atlas to stone. As is not uncommon in myth, this account cannot be reconciled with the far more common stories of Atlas' dealings with {{Heracles|Herakles}}, who was Perseus' great-grandson.
According to {{Plato}}, the first king of {{Atlantis}} was also named Atlas, but that Atlas was a mortal son of {{Poseidon}}.
[{{Plato}}, ''{{Critias (dialogue)|Critias}}] Another {{Atlas (King)|Atlas}} was said to have been a king of {{Mauretania}} and an expert astronomer.
{{Image:Rockefeller Center Atlas1.jpg|thumb|left|222px|{{Lee Lawrie}}'s colossal bronze
Atlas, Rockefeller Center, New York]]
Encounter with Herakles
One of the hero
Herakles'
Twelve Labors involved the acquisition of some of the golden apples which grow in
Hera's garden, tended by the Hesperides and guarded by the dragon
Ladon. Herakles went to Atlas, the father of the Hesperides, and offered to hold the heavens for a little while in exchange for the apples, to which Atlas agreed. Upon his return with the apples, however, Atlas attempted to trick Herakles into carrying the sky permanently by offering to deliver the apples himself. Herakles, suspecting Atlas didn't intend to return again, pretended to agree to Atlas' offer, asking only that Atlas take the sky again for a few minutes so Herakles could rearrange his cloak as padding on his shoulders. When Atlas set down the apples and took the heavens upon his shoulders again, Herakles took the apples and went on his way.
In some versions, Herakles instead built the two great
Pillars of Hercules to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas much as he liberated
Prometheus.
The
etymology of the name
Atlas is uncertain and still debated. Some derive it from the
Proto-Indo-European root *tel, 'to uphold, support'; others suggest that it is a
pre-Indo-European name. Since the Atlas mountains fell in the region inhabited by
Berbers, it could be that the name as we know it is taken from
Berber.
Since the middle of the sixteenth century, any collection of cartographic maps has come to be called an
atlas.
Gerardus Mercator was the first to use the word in this way, and he actually depicted the
astronomer king.
Atlas continues to be a commonly used icon in western culture (and advertising), as a symbol of strength or stoic endurance. He is often shown kneeling on one knee while supporting an enormous round globe on his back and shoulders. The globe originally represented the celestial sphere of ancient astronomy, rather than the earth. The use of the term atlas as a name for collections of terrestrial maps and the modern understanding of the earth as a sphere have combined to inspire the many depictions of Atlas' burden as the earth.
The novelist and philosopher
Ayn Rand named her magnum opus
Atlas Shrugged. In a key passage, one of the protagonists states that if he were to meet Atlas, he would tell Atlas to shrug. This attitude reflects the novel's general themes of rational self-interest and
Objectivism.
Jeanette Winterson's novel
Weight is a retelling of the Atlas myth.
"Atlas" is used as the name of many objects and places, see
Atlas (disambiguation).
In the movie "
Superman Returns" there is a scene where
Superman catches the falling globe from the top of the Daily Planet building and holds it in the same manner as Lee Lawrie's statue in Rockefeller Center. This alludes to the popular myth of Atlas holding the world on his shoulders rather than the heavens.
The
Led Zeppelin song '
Achilles Last Stand' makes numerous references to the Titan.
Atlas has a guest appearance on
Class of the TitansImage:NAMA Héraclès & Atlas.jpgImage:Titanen Atlas, Nordisk familjebok.pngImage:Atlas Santiago Toural GFDL.jpg*
Origin of "Atlas" for a collection of maps*
Robert Graves,
The Greek Myths, London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin. ISBN 0140010262
