Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Arts (
B.A. or
A.B., from the
Latin Artium Baccalaureus) is an
undergraduate bachelor's degree awarded for a course or program in the
liberal arts and/or sciences.
A B.A. program generally lasts three years in
South Africa,
New Zealand,
Australia, and the
United Kingdom (except
Scotland), and four years in the
United States and
Canada.
In the UK, usage varies: most universities maintain an Arts/Science distinction. However,
Oxford and
Cambridge traditionally award BAs to undergraduates having completed the Part II
Tripos examinations in any subject (including the sciences). This degree is superceded by an
MA five years after
matriculation.
The
ancient universities of Scotland award an
Master of Arts to
arts undergraduates but a BSc to science undergraduates.
A Bachelor of Arts in the UK receives the designation BA or AB for an ordinary/pass degree and BA(Hons) or AB(Hon) for an honours degree.
The Bachelor of Arts (BA) and
Bachelor of Science (BS or BSc) are very similar in some countries, in that they are the most common of undergraduate degrees. In the United States and Canada, both degrees consist of a general education component (usually requiring matriculants to take courses in the
humanities,
social sciences,
natural sciences, and
mathematics). They typically also require students to declare a major, take a certain number of elective courses, and sometimes have basic skills components (such as writing exams or computer proficiency exams). However, in countries that do not require a general education component - such as Australia - the subjects studied are likely to be almost completely different in each degree.
The BS typically specifies more courses in the major (or in cognate fields) than does the BA. The BA focuses on creating a well-rounded graduate through exposure to natural sciences, social sciences, and foreign languages. Predictably, the BS tends to be awarded more often in the natural sciences than in the humanities. In the United States, the BS is also often awarded in majors that are more markedly pre-professional than purely academic: one is more likely to find the BS offered in
Finance,
Accounting,
Criminal Justice,
Fire Science,
Transportation Studies and the like than the BA. Finally, the BA is used four times as often by so-called "arts and sciences colleges" than professional/technical schools. Beyond these differences, the variation between the BA and the BS is dependent on the policies of the individual colleges and universities.
European Union members states' ministers of education have agreed on a harmonization of the educational cycles within the EU. One part of this agreement is the division into an undergraduate and a graduate level of higher education.
Following this so-called "Bologna/Berlin declaration" (see
Bologna process for more information), universities in the EU are now in the process of reorganizing their courses in order to offer Bachelor and Master degrees. Many universities have already changed to the bachelor/master model, and the others soon will. Subjects of the humanities and social studies can be completed with a BA at an increasing number of universities in Germany already, for example. This means EU countries are giving up their traditional magister or diploma courses to make switching and comparing universities easier.
The reason for this rationalization is because the English
magister ("master") and
baccalaureus ("bachelor") classifications developed separately from most European countries. For example, the baccalaureus is gained at the end of secondary education in some countries. For a fuller explanation of why this is so, see
Degrees of Oxford University.
In some universities of countries like Portugal and Brazil, the baccalaureus ("bacharelato") is granted as an intermediate step before a full degree is achieved through 1 or 2 extra years of study. This system leads to a two-stage degree.
The BA is supposed to last three/four years, the MA one/two years but a BA is required first.
