Bernhard Karlgren
Bernhard Karlgren (
1889 -
1978) was a
Swedish sinologist and eminent
philologist, and the founder of Swedish sinology as a scholarly discipline. His full name was
Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren, and his Chinese penname is 高本漢 (Gāo Běnhàn).
Karlgren's published his first scholary article by the age of 16 about dialect studies from the
province of
Dalarna. Later he studied at
Uppsala University between 1907-1909, where he majored in Russian under Professor
J. A. Lundell, a Slavicist interested in comparative phonology, and decided that he wanted to apply the methods of comparative historical
phonology to Chinese, which had not yet been so studied. Since Chinese was not yet taught in Sweden, Karlgren went to
St. Petersburg after Uppsala, where he studied Chinese with Professor
A. I. Ivanoff for two months. In 1910-1912, Karlgren lived in China, where he studied Chinese and collected materials for a phonological description of 24 dialects.
He returned to Europe in January 1912, spending a few months in London, then studying in Paris from September 1912 to April 1914 under Professor
Edouard Chavannes (1865"1918). Karlgren's 1915 doctoral dissertation from Uppsala University " the first part of his monumental
Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise " attempted to reconstruct the pronunciation of some three thousand characters in what he termed Ancient Chinese, i.e. the language codified in the
Qièyùn 切韻 dictionary published in A.D. 601. This effort continued after his dissertation, and the final part of his
Etudes appeared in 1926. (Although his dissertation was written in French, most of his subsequent scholarly works were in English.)
In 1918, Karlgren was appointed Professor of East Asian Philology at the
University of Gothenburg, where he taught Chinese and Japanese. In 1922, he visited China for the second and last time. He left Gothenburg in 1939 for
Stockholm, where he became Director of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities and editor of its Bulletin, in which he published many of his most important writings.
In 1946, Karlgren began a far-reaching attack on the then rather loosely argued historiography of ancient China. Reviewing the literature on China's pre-Han history in his article
Legends and Cults in Ancient China, he pointed out that "a common feature to most of these treatises is a curious lack of critical method in the handling of the material". In particular, Karlgren criticised the unselective use of documents from different ages when reconstructing China's ancient history. "In this way very full and detailed accounts have been arrived at - but accounts that are indeed caricatures of scientifically established ones." In this, Karlgren was following in the footsteps of many Chinese scholars from the early 20th century, and his originality and influence in this project are often exaggerated.
Karlgren was first to use European-style principles of
historical linguistics to study the
Chinese language, and reconstructed the phonetics of what is now called
Middle Chinese, as well as the phonetics of
Old Chinese. He also suggested that at the very earliest stage recoverable, the personal pronouns were inflected for case.
Indeed, Karlgren attempted to unearth Chinese history itself from its linguistic development and diffusion. As he writes in his English adaptation
Sound and Symbol in Chinese (1923), Chapter I: "Thus, though Chinese traditions give no hint whatever of an immigration from any foreign country, and though there consequently is no external chronological
point d'appui, we are none the less able to state, from internal evidence, that the Chinese tradition which places the reign of the
Emperor Yáo in the twenty-fourth century B.C. is correct; that the Chinese even in those remote times were skilled astronomers; that they put down in writing in the Chinese language records of memorable events, and in all probability wrote their accounts soon after the events; in short, that a well-developed Chinese civilizationtogether with the Chinese language, existed on Chinese soil two thousand years before Christ."
Although important as a pioneer, nearly all of Karlgren's work has been surpassed. He refused to accept new developments in linguistics, which means his theories were outdated already in his lifetime. For example, he derided phonology and claimed to reconstruct the actual phonetics of old Chinese. His work is now interesting mainly for its historical value.
*
Études sur la phonologie chinoise. 1915-1926.
*
Ordet och Pennan i Mittens Rike, 1918, adapted as
Sound and Symbol in Chinese, Oxford, 1923.
*
Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 1923.
*
The Authenticity of Ancient Chinese Texts, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1929.
*
The Early History of the Chou Li and Tso Chuan Texts, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1931.
*
Word Families in Chinese, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1933.
*
New Studies on Chinese Bronzes, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1937.
*
Grammata Serica, Script and Phonetics in Chinese and Sino-Japanese, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1940.
*
Huai and Han, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1941.
*
Glosses on the Kuo Feng Odes, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1942.
*
Glosses on the Siao Ya Odes, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1944.
*
Glosses on the Ta Ya and Sung Odes, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1946.
*
Legends and Cults in Ancient China, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1946.
*
The Book of Documents, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1950.
*
Compendium of Phonetics in Ancient and Archaic Chinese, from The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1954.
*
Grammata Serica Recensa. 1957
In Swedish he published numerous popular works on Chinese language, culture and history. In the 1940's, he published three novels under the pen name Klas Gullman.
* Göran Malmqvist,
Bernhard Karlgren: ett forskarporträtt [
Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar], Stockholm: Norstedts. 1995. A biography of Karlgren with bibliography of his work.
* Hans Bielenstein, "Bernhard Karlgren (1889-1978)," Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 99, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1979), p. 553. A brief obituary.
