Brahman
Brahman (
Devanagari: ब्रह्मन् ) in the
Vedantic (and subsequently
Yogic) schools of
Hindu philosophy, is the signifying name given to the concept of the unchanging,
infinite,
immanent and
transcendent reality that is the Divine Ground of all being in this universe.
This
Supreme Cosmic Spirit is regarded to be
eternal, genderless,
omnipotent,
omniscient, and
omnipresent, yet indescribable. It can be at best described as infinite Being, infinite Consciousness and infinite Bliss. It is regarded as the source and sum of the cosmos, that constricted by time, space, and causation, as pure being, the "
world soul" which also can take many forms or manifestations of the thousands of gods. It was deemed a
singular substrate from which all that is arises, and debuts with this verse:
"Great indeed are the devas who have sprung out of Brahman." — Atharva Veda
Originally, in the earliest
mantras of the Vedic
Samhitas, the word Brahman probably meant pious effigies coming out of the prayers in their fire-sacrifices, and hence the actual power behind the rituals. However, as the centuries passed and the first
Upanishads (the primary Vedantic scriptures that putatively serve as commentaries on the original liturgical books of the
Vedas) were written, the concept of
Brahman fittingly grew in scope and complexity. Soon, the ancient writers of the
Upanishads insisted that Brahman, in addition to being material, efficient, formal and final causes of the cosmos, was also utterly
beyond all four senses of origin. Essentially, it is also beyond being and non-being alike, and thus does not quite fit with the usual connotations of the word
God and even the concept of
monism. For this reason, some authors use the word 'Godhead' for Brahman, to distinguish it from the usual usage of the word 'God'. It is said that Brahman cannot be known by material means, that we cannot be made conscious
of it, because Brahman
is our very consciousness. Brahman is also not restricted to the usual dimensional perspectives of being, and thus enlightenment,
moksha,
yoga,
samadhi,
nirvana, etc. do not merely mean to know Brahman, but to realise one's 'brahman-hood', to actually realise that one is and always was of Brahman nature. Indeed, closely related to the Self concept of Brahman is the idea that it is synonymous with jiva-atma, or individual souls, our
atman (or soul) being readily identifiable with the greater soul of Brahman.
The Advaitic tradition rejects the above notion of an evolving definition of Brahman. It considers the Vedas to be eternal, timeless and contemporaneous with Brahman. In this tradition, the Vedas were handed down generations by vocal memorizations. Written texts of the Vedas are a relatively recent phenomenon.
Connected with the ritual of pre-Vedantic Hinduism,
Brahman signified the power to grow, the expansive and self-altering process of
ritual and
sacrifice, often visually realised in the sputtering of flames as they received the all important
ghee (clarified butter) and rose in concert with the
mantras of the
Vedas.
Brahmin came to refer to the highest of the four
castes, the
Brahmins, who by virtue of their purity and priesthood are held to have such powers.
Brahman or
brahma, and similar words, have various meanings, mostly related to
Hinduism.In the correct Indian
pronunciation, the first
a is long or short as indicated, and the
h is pronounced as a voiced consonant.
These words come from a
Sanskrit root bŗh = " to swell, grow, enlarge", cognate with
English "bulge". Some, including
Georges Dumézil, say that the
Latin word
flāmen (= "priest") may be cognate to
brahman. The
Latin verb
flāre = "to blow" may come from the same root. There is a possible connection with the
Semitic root br'
ברא "create, opening", but refuted by most linguists.
:
Here the underlined vowels carry the Vedic Sanskrit udātta
pitch accent. It is usual to use an acute accent symbol for this purpose.In
Vedic Sanskrit:-
brahma (ब्रह्म) (nominative singular),
brahman (ब्रह्मन्) (stem)(neuter
[Not Masculine or Feminine (see Grammatical gender).] gender) means "growth", "development", "swelling"; and then "pious utterance", "worship", perhaps via the idea of saying during prayers and ceremonies that God or the deities are
great. Later it came to mean the Supreme Cosmic Spirit.
brahmā (nom.sg.),
brahman (stem) (
masculine gender) means "priest" (compare
Latin flamen = "priest"). But in this sense, the neuter form's plural
Brahmāņi was also used.
In later
Sanskrit usage:-
brahma (nominative singular),
brahman (stem) (neuter
) means the concept of the Supreme transcendent and immanent Reality or the One Godhead or Cosmic Spirit in Hinduism; this is discussed below. Also note that the word Brahman in this sense is exceptionally treated as masculine (see the
Merrill-Webster Sanskrit Dictionary). It is called "the Brahman" in
English.
Brahmā (ब्रह्मा) (nom.sg.),
Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) (stem) (
masculine gender), means the deity or
deva Prajāpati Brahmā. He is one of the members of the
Hindu trinity and associated with creation, but does not have a cult in present day India.
One must not confuse these with:
*
brāhmaņa (ब्राह्मण, masc., pronounced as /brα:h mə Ņə/ - the N being
retroflex, which literally means "pertaining to prayer") meant a prosaic commentary on the
Vedic mantras"an integral part of the Vedic literature.
*
brāhmaņa (masc., same pronunciation as above), meaning one of the
Hindu priestly
caste; in this usage the word is usually rendered in English as "
Brahmin". This usage is also found in the
Atharva Veda.
*
Ishvara, or the Supreme
God (lit., Supreme Lord), which may be completely identified with the Supreme Truth
Brahman, as by the
Dvaita philosophy, or partially as a worldly manifestation of the
Brahman having (positive) attributes.
*
Devas, the celestial beings of Hinduism, which maybe regarded as
deities, demi-gods,
spirits or
angels. In Vedic Hinduism, there were 33 devas, which later became exaggerated to 330 million devas. In fact, all the devas are themselves regarded as more mundane manifestations of the One and the Supreme
Brahman, for devotional worship. The Hindus do not literally worship 330 million separate gods. The Sanskrit word for "ten million" also means "group", and "330 million devas" originally meant "33 types of divine manifestation".
Brahm is sometimes found as a variant form of
Brahma or
Brahman. In
Hindi, one might find
Brahma as being pronounced as /brəm hə/, and consequesntly
BrāhmaNa as /brα:m həN/.
Philosopher mystics of the
Upanishads identify Brahman, the world soul, with
atman, the inner essence of the human being, or the human soul. The Ultimate Truth is expressed as
Nirguna Brahman, or Godhead. While
Advaita philosophy considers Brahman to be without any form, qualities, or attributes, Dvaita philosophy understands nir-
guna as without
material form or without bad qualities.
In
Dvaita,
Vishnu is Brahman since the followers stress a personal God. Advaita, on the other hand, considers all personal forms of God including Vishnu and
Shiva as different aspects of God in personal form or God with attributes,
Saguna Brahman.
According to some, God's energy is personified as
Devi, the Divine Mother. For
Vaishnavites who follow
Ramunjacharaya's philosophy, Devi is
Lakshmi, who is the Mother of all and who pleads with Vishnu for mankind who is entrenched in sin. For
Gaudiya Vaishnavas she is
Radha. For
Shaivites, Devi is
Parvati. For
Shaktas, who worship Devi, Devi is the personal form of God to attain the impersonal Absolute, God. For them, Shiva is personified as God without attributes. See this
Hinduism Today article.
The phrase that is seen to be the only possible (and still thoroughly inadequate) description of Brahman that
humans, with limited minds and being, can entertain is the
Sanskrit word
Sacchidānanda, which is
combined from
sat-chit-ānanda, meaning "being - consciousness - bliss".
While Brahman lies behind the sum total of the objective universe, some human minds boggle at any attempt to explain it with only the tools provided by reason. Brahman is beyond the senses, beyond the mind, beyond intelligence, beyond imagination. Indeed, the highest idea is that Brahman is beyond both existence and non-existence, transcending and including time, causation and space, and thus can never be
known in the same material sense as one traditionally 'understands' a given concept or object.
Imagine a person who is blind from birth and has not seen anything. Is it possible for us to explain to him the meaning of the colour red. Is any amount of thinking or reasoning on his part ever going to make him understand the sensation of the colour red? In a similar fashion the idea of Brahman cannot be explained or understood through material reasoning or any form of human communication. Brahman is like the colour red; those who can sense it cannot explain or argue with those who have never sensed it.
Brahman is considered the all pervading consciousness which is the basis of all the animate and inanimate entities and material. (
brahmano hi pratisthaham,
Bhagavad Gita 14.27)
Advaita concept
The universe is not just conscious, but it
is consciousness, and this consciousness is Brahman. Human consciousness has forgotten its identity, that of Brahman, as if a drop of water from a vast ocean thought itself separate, and that the only path to merge back into that Brahman or supreme consciousness is through the paths of devotion, moral living, following the
eight-fold path of Ashtanga Yoga
meditation, often expressed in various systems of spiritual practices known as
yogas.
If one seeks Brahman via true knowledge, Atman seeks truth and accepts it no matter what it is. Atman accepts all truths of the self/ego, and thus is able to accept the fact that it is not separate from its surroundings. Then Atman is permanently absorbed into Brahman and become one and the same with it. This is how one forever escapes rebirth.
In Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is without attributes and strictly impersonal. It can be best described as
infinite Being, infinite Consciousness and infinite Bliss. It is pure knowledge itself, similar to a source of infinite radiance. Since the Advaitins regard Brahman to be the Ultimate Truth, so in comparison to Brahman, every other thing, including the material world, its distinctness, the individuality of the living creatures and even Ishvara (the Supreme Lord) itself are all untrue.
When man tries to know the attributeless Brahman with his mind, under the influence of an illusionary power of Brahman called
Maya, Brahman becomes God (
Ishvara). God is Brahman under Maya. The material world also appears as such due to Maya. God is Saguna Brahman, or Brahman with attributes. He is omniscient, omnipresent, incorporeal, independent, Creator of the world, its ruler and also destroyer. He is eternal and unchangeable. He is both immanent and transcedent, as well as full of love and justice. He may be even regarded to have a personality. He is the subject of worship. He is the basis of morality and giver of the fruits of one's
Karma. He rules the world with his Maya. However, while God is the Lord of Maya and she (ie, Maya) is always under his control, living beings (jīva, in the sense of humans) are the servants of Maya (in the form of ignorance). This ignorance is the cause of all material experiences in the mortal world. While God is Infinite Bliss, humans, under the influence of Maya consider themselves limited by the body and the material, observable world. This misperception of Brahman as the observed Universe results in human emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger and fear. The Ulimate reality remains Brahman and nothing else. The Advaita equation is simple. It is due to Maya that the one single Atman (the individial soul) appears to the people as many Atmans, each in a single body. Once the curtain of maya is lifted, the Atman is
exactly equal to the Brahman. Thus, due to true knowledge, an individual loses the sense of ego (Aham-kara) and achieves liberation, or
Moksha. Also see
Advaita Vedanta.
Dvaita (Vaishnava) concept
Vedanta Sutra 3.2.23 states, "The form of Brahman is unmanifest, so the scriptures say" (
tat avyaktam aha). The next sutra adds, "But even the form of Brahman becomes directly visible to one who worships devoutly - so teach the scriptures" (
api samradhane pratyaksa anumanabhyam)
[api - but, samradhane - intense worship, pratyaksa - as directly visible, anumanabhyam - as inferred from scripture].
Dvaita schools argue against the Advaita idea that upon attaining liberation one realizes that God is formless since this idea is contradicted by Vedanta Sutra 3.2.16: "The scriptures declare that the form of the Supreme consists of the very essence of His Self" (
aha ca tanmatram). And furthermore Vedanta Sutra 3.3.36 asserts that within the realm of Brahman the devotees see other divine manifestations which appear even as physical objects in a city (
antara bhuta gramavat svatmanah)
[antara - inside, bhuta - physical, gramavat - like a city, svatmanah - to His own, i.e. to His devotees].
They identify the personal form of God indicated here as the transcendental form of Vishnu or Krishna (see
Vaishnavism). The brahma-pura (city within Brahman) is identified as the divine realm of Vishnu known as
Vaikuntha. This conclusion is corroborated by the
Bhagavata Purana, written by
Vyasa as his own "natural commentary" on Vedanta-sutra. The first verse of Bhagavata Purana begins with the phrase "I offer my respectful obeisances to Bhagavan Vasudeva, the source of everything" (
om namo bhagavate vasudevaya janmadyasya yatah). Vyasa employs the words "janmadyasya yatah", which comprise the second sutra of the Vedanta Sutra, in the first verse of the Bhagavata Purana to establish that Krishna is Brahman, the Absolute Truth. This is clear testimony of the author's own conclusion about the ultimate goal of all Vedic knowledge.
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Atman*
Ishvara*
Mysticism*
Hinduism*
Vedanta*
Nirguna Brahman*
Saguna Brahman*
Detailed essays on Brahman at Hinduwebsite.com*
AbstractAtom.com - Information on the philosophy of Brahman*
Essence of Upanishads: Atman and Brahman*
Worship of the Supreme BrahmanSimple:Brahman
