British Sky Broadcasting
British Sky Broadcasting (
BSkyB — formerly two companies,
Sky Television and
BSB) is a company that operates
Sky Digital, the most popular subscription television service in the
UK and
Ireland. It also produces TV content, and owns several TV channels. More than a third of the equity is owned by
News Corporation, an
American company chaired by
Rupert Murdoch, who also acts as Chairman of BSkyB. (News Corporation's precise shareholding fluctuates due to share options and buy backs and was 37.7% at May 2006 [
1]). For the year to
30 June 2006 BSkyB had turnover of
£4.148 billion, and made a profit of £798 million before tax and £551 million after tax. As of
30 June 2006 it had 8,176,000[
2] direct to home customers, although this figure included all subscribers of
Homechoice,
Kingston Interactive Television and every other "Sky By Wire"
IPTV service in the UK and Ireland. As of the same date it also had 3,294,000 indirect customers through the cable operators
NTL and
Telewest in the UK, and a further 604,000 indirect cable customers in Ireland.
Direct subsidiaries
*
British Sky Broadcasting Ltd. Operating company for the Sky pay-television service.
*
Sky Television Ltd.The original Sky Television plc, now a holding company
*
Sports Internet Group Ltd.Sports content and online betting services.
*
British Interactive Broadcasting Holdings Ltd. Interactive television services, formerly an alliance of BSkyB,
BT Group,
HSBC and
Matsushita.
*
Easynet Ltd.Network infrastructure for Sky Broadband and for third party corporate customers.
Joint ventures
*
Nickelodeon UK (and related channels) (50%)
*
The History Channel (UK) (50%)
*
Paramount Comedy 1 &
2 (UK) (25%)
*
Australian News Channel Pty Limited (33.3%) Operates
Sky News Australia with
PBL and
Seven Network)
*
MUTV Limited (33.3%)
*
National Geographic Channel (50%)
*
Music Choice Europe plc (38.8%)
*
Attheraces Holdings Limited (50%)
Other subsidiaries include Sky In-Home Service Ltd which installs Sky equipment, and the Luxembourg based British Sky Broadcasting SA which is the company which leases transponders on
Astra satellites.
Origins
|
Evolution of UK satellite television |
By 1990 both Rupert Murdoch's Sky Television and the BSB alliance were beginning to struggle with the burden of massive losses. The collapse of BSB in November 1990 led to a merger, which was in effect a takeover by Sky — quality programming and superior technical quality had been no match for shrewd, aggressive marketing and pragmatic capital expenditure.
The new company was called British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) but marketed as Sky, Marco Polo House was sold, BSB's channels were largely scrapped in favour of Sky's and the Marco Polo satellites were run down and eventually sold in favour of the Astra system (Marcopolo I in December 1993 to
NSAB of Sweden and Marcopolo II in July 1992 to
Telenor of Norway. Both companies had already one HS376 in orbit at the time). The merger may have saved Sky financially; despite its popularity, Sky had very few major advertisers to begin with. Acquiring BSB's healthier advertising contracts and equipment apparently solved the company's problems.
Football rights
BSkyB's purchase of broadcast rights for major sporting events, most importantly Premiership football, has been the bedrock of its success. The company paid over £300 million for the
FA Premier League rights, beating the
BBC and
ITV, and has had a monopoly of live matches since the inception of the Premier League in 1992. Murdoch has described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. [
3]
However, following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly will come to an end from the 2007/2008 season. In May 2006 the Irish broadcaster
Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premiership packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for a staggering £1.3b[
4]
Cable TV companies NTL and Telewest also offer a pay per view service of selected Premier League matches.
The
Astra satellite network began with the launch of
Astra 1A in 1989. With the launch of more Astra satellites from
1991 onward BSkyB was able to begin expanding its services (the Astra satellites were all orbitally co-located so that they could be received using the same dish).
The launch of the first Astra 2 series satellite at a new orbital position, 28.2° east, in
1997 (followed by more Astra satellites as well as
Eutelsat's
Eurobird 1 at 28.5°E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service,
Sky Digital, with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels. The Astra 2 fleet at 28.2° east maintains a geostationary orbit 35,600km from earth and was built by
Hughes (now
Boeing Satellite Systems) and
Astrium (now
EADS Astrium).
Sky does not own any of the satellites it has used since withdrawing service from the Marcopolo craft; the Astra satellites are owned and operated by
SES Astra and Eurobird 1 by Eutelsat. Sky has shared its orbital position with other pay-TV systems in the past.
Sky by Broadband
In January 2006, Sky launched a service allowing customers who subscribe to the Sky Movies and Sky Sports channels to download video onto their
PC through a
broadband internet connection. This video is sport highlights, feature-length movies and sports news. This content is allowed to be viewed for a certain number of days, and is protected by
digital rights management. This service is available at no extra cost.
Sky by Broadband's file delivery method is to discretely install and use a
Bittorrent style program called Kservice that downloads files from and seeds to other users, potentially without the subscriber's knowledge. This hidden software seeds the files indefinitely, even if the Sky By Broadband software is not being used, or has been uninstalled. There is no way to stop it short of blocking its access to the internet with a
firewall, manually ending the process or uninstalling it. This has lead to much criticism from users who have had their
bandwidth hijacked without their knowledge [
5].
Terrestrial competition
BSkyB has faced competition from terrestrial such as the
ONdigital digital terrestrial television service (later renamed
ITV Digital). BSkyB defeated its rivals partly thanks to aggressive marketing and partly because of its rivals' numerous technical and administrative failures. One of these problems was that its method of encryption was easily breakable. However, Sky was more receptive to ITV Digital's
FTA replacement,
Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the
BBC,
ITV,
Channel 4 and
National Grid Wireless. Three BSkyB channels are available on this platform:
Sky News,
Sky Three, and
Sky Sports News.
Sky Three used to be occupied by Sky Travel until it was replaced on
October 31 2005, allowing BSkyB to air its exclusive licensed content with delays of between 12-18 months from their original air dates on
Sky One.
In a response to the push towards Free to Air availability, BSkyB has marketed a free to view network (
Freesat from Sky) to a limited extent.
Sky High Definition TV (HD)
BSkyB launched its HD service,
Sky HD, on
22 May 2006. Leading up to the launch Sky claimed that 40,000 people had signed up to the HD service for the launch. However in the week before the launch rumours started to surface that Sky was having problems with its Set Top Box (STB) manufactured by
Thomson. Starting on Thursday 18th May and then all through the weekend before launch people were reporting that Sky had either cancelled or rescheduled its installations. Finally the BBC reported that 17,000 customers had been let down for the launch due to failed deliveries [
6]. Customers even reported that their installations were only cancelled on the day of the launch. Sky has stated that it hopes to have all installations brought up to date as soon as possible. However, it could not guarantee that everyone would have their systems before the World Cup, one of the reasons many people signed up in the first place.
Timeline
*
1990 — November — British Sky Broadcasting formed by merger of
Sky Television and
British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB). Murdoch the majority shareholder through News International, BSB partners Pearson and Granada become minority shareholders through BSB Holdings Limited (BSBH).
*
1991 — Of BSB's five channels; Now news programmes merged with Sky News, Galaxy merged with Sky One, the Sports Channel and Movie Channel are maintained, Powerstation is withdrawn. Sky One, Sky News and Sky Movies maintained but
Eurosport is withdrawn.
*
1992 — July — BSkyB sells the former BSB Marcopolo II satellite to
Telenor*
1992 — BSkyB signs exclusive live television rights deal with the FA Premier League
*
1992 —
December 31 — BSkyB ceases transmissions to Marcopolo I satellite.
*
1993 — "Sky multichannel" packages launched.
*
1993 — December — BSkyB sells the former BSB Marcopolo I satellite to
NSAB*
1994 — 17% of BSkyB is floated on the London and New York stock exchanges
*
1994 — Five more channels launch, including
Sky Sports 2.
*
1995 — Six more channels launched including
History Channel and
Disney Channel.
*
1996 — BSkyB signs an extension of its Premier League rights for £670 million
*
1998 —
August 30 — First of a new generation of
Astra satellites launched, paving way for digital satellite television.
Sky Digital launches on
October 1.
*
1999 —
Vivendi SA becomes sole shareholder of BSBH, which held 11.8% of BSkyB at the time. It also acquired the shareholding of
Pathé through merger, bringing its total shareholding to 22% (as of 2001). BSkyB Chairman
Jerome Seydoux forced to resign due to sale of Pathe's interest — Murdoch takes Chairmanship to prevent Vivendi acquiring it (as it would be entitled to).
*
2001 — BSkyB signs 5 millionth subscriber. Analogue service discontinued.
*
2001 — Sky+ introduced: A set top box/digital video recorder hybrid
*
2001 — December —
Vivendi Universal sells part of its shareholding comprising 8% of the company, followed by the remaining 14% in May 2002.
*
2002 — BSkyB takes an equal share of Freeview, in partnership with the BBC and Crown Castle (now part of
National Grid).
*
2003 —
James Murdoch elected as CEO, replacing Tony Ball.
*
2005 — Sky launches Sky by Broadband, a service available to existing subscribers that allows them to download movies and sports clips direct to their home computer. The service is made available free of charge.
*
2006 — Sky HD launches on
May 22, with a line-up of 10
high definition channels.
*
2006 — Sky achieves CarbonNeutral status [
7]
*
2006 — Sky launches and allows pre-registering of its new broadband service.
Sky has recently developed a new version of its Sky Guide service, which includes new genres, easier access to channels, and a complete renumbering system. It also includes new hotkeys to get into new menus quicker. This is the biggest change to the Sky
EPG since its launch in 1998.
The Economist has suggested that News Corporation would eventually like to merge BSkyB with its US satellite operation,
DirecTV and possibly its
Star network to form a global satellite TV company.
Sky utilizes the
VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system owned by
News Datacom, a News Corporation subsidiary. There are tight controls over use of VideoGuard decoders; they are not available as stand-alone
DVB CAMs (
Conditional Access Modules). BSkyB has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service. The receivers, though designed and built by different manufacturers, must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others. This extends to the
Personal video recorder (PVR) offering (branded
Sky+ ). Although the manufacturers have to follow BSkyB's design criteria, this leads to many innovative features such as instant Pay-Per-View (due to the ability to record encrypted streams and decrypt on play). Many people think that giving the broadcaster such total control over the viewing experience (and viewing prices) may keep other PVR features from appearing on BSkyB's receivers due to the monopoly position over the decoding CAMs. BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; however, early in 2004, this additional £10 charge was quashed (albeit only to subscribers whose package includes two or more premium channels) to encourage existing owners to upgrade seamlessly.
Rupert Murdoch's
News International (a major subsidiary of
News Corporation) currently has a 38% stake in the company. News Corp also fully owns
Sky Italia and about 78% of
New Zealand's
SKY Network Television Limited.
The first
CEO of BSkyB was
Sam Chisholm, who was CEO of Sky TV before the merger. Chisholm served in this position until 1997. He was followed by
Mark Booth who was credited with leading the company through the introduction of Sky Digital.
Tony Ball was appointed in 1999 and completed the company's analogue to digital conversion. He is also credited with returning the company to profit and bringing subscriber numbers to new heights. In 2003 Ball announced his resignation and
James Murdoch, son of Rupert Murdoch was announced as his successor. This appointment caused allegations of
nepotism from shareholders.
At present the other major pay-TV operator in the United Kingdom is the cable company
NTL (Formed from the merger of
Telewest and the original
NTL company in
2005). Through its merger, NTL now owns the
Flextech production company which produces several channels, though the majority of these are low profile compared to Sky's main channels. NTL also owns a 50% share in the
UKTV network of TV channels, which is one of the biggest broadcasters in the UK.
The company carries the majority of Sky's channels, including channels run by BSkyB, thus making it one of BSkyB's most important customers as well as its biggest rival. NTL competes with Sky on price, and is able to differentiate itself from Sky through its ability to offer bundles of services such as internet access and telephone service. NTL purchased
Virgin Mobile in
2006, and intends to offer
Mobile Telephone services alongside its existing services. It is also expected to change its name in order to benefit from the Virgin brand following an agreement with
Richard Branson, the owner of the other
Virgin Group companies.
BT, the UK's biggest Telephone company is expected to launch a Pay-tv service by the end of 2006. The service will complement the
free-to-air Terrestrial television service
Freeview, using the internet to deliver pay-tv content. The impact this service will have on the market and on BSkyB is not yet clear.
Sky bought the
broadband Internet Service Provider Easynet in October
2005, for £211 million. This acquisition may allow BSkyB to compete with the "
triple play" TV, Telephone and Broadband services offered by its rivals. Sky also restricts certain content, such as interactive services (Sky News Active), to its direct customers.
BSkyB has also taken advantage of its current
bandwidth advantage over its rivals, by launching
High Definition (HD) TV services. Terrestrial television companies currently have limited bandwidth with which they can offer HD services, and may not be able to offer substantial services until 2012 (when
terrestrial analogue TV signals are switched off in the UK, freeing up substantial bandwidth). Cable company
NTL can offer HD services, and has started to do so in its Telewest branded regions. However
NTL's cable network was formed by numerous
mergers and
acquisitions over the last decade, with different cable companies having used different types of network and technology in their areas. This has made it difficult for the company to roll out new services across the UK quickly.
Competition between Sky and the two cable companies is regulated by
Ofcom.
Satellite Television House in
Isleworth,
London is the official headquarters of the BSkyB. It is home to offices/studios. Well known buildings in this area include
Osterley Television Centre.
SkySports and SkyBet office is in Harrogate
The largest concentration of Sky staff in the UK is in
Scotland, the main sites are in
Livingston and
Dunfermline. These house Sky's contact centres as well as the IT departments and Field Operations.
*
SES Astra*
Sky Digital*
Sky One*
Sky News*
Sky One Logos*
Corporate Logos*
Sky TV homepage*
Sky TV Guide*
Sky Broadband customer homepage*
Corporate Responsibility: Sky's Street Race In Mumbai, India
