Chapeltoun
Chapeltoun is an estate on the banks of the
Annick Water in
East Ayrshire,
Scotland. This is a rural area famous for its Milk and Cheese production and the Ayrshire or Dunlop breed of cattle.
The
feudal allocation of tenements to the vassals of the overlord (de Morville) was carried out very carefully, with the boundaries being walked and carefully recorded (Dillon 1950). The term 'ton' at this time was added to the site of the dwelling house, not necessarily a grand stone-built structure, which was bounded by a wall or fence. The tenements were held in a military tenure, the land being in exchange for military assistance to the overlord. In later years the military assistance could be exchanged for financial payment.
The name Templeton may therefore have arisen due to lands here being given by the overlord to a vassal. The site of the original dwelling is unknown, Laigh Chapelton being the oldest known site of a habitation, probably dating from at least 1775 (Armstrong).
The name Chapelton is relatively recent as
Pont's map of 1604 does not show such a place name, however he does show a Templeton in approximately the right place between the Annick Water and the river Glazert. Other
Knight's Templar temple-lands were to be found at the Templehouse fortalice in the old village of Darlington near
Stewarton, Templehouse near
Dunlop, at Templetounburn on the outskirts of Crookedholm and at several other places in the area, such as Temple-Ryburn and Temple-Hapland.
In 1312 the Knight's Templar order, who's Scottish headquarters had been at
Torphichen, was disbanded (Barber 1996) and its lands given to the
Knights of St.John (Dobie 1876) who today run the
St John's Ambulance service amongst other activities. Lord Torphichen as preceptor obtained the temple-land tenements and the lands passed through the hands of Montgomerie of Hessilhead to Wallace of Cairnhill (now Carnell) in 1720, before passing out of the hands of the aristocracy. A tenement is a grant of land which has a building on it and is held in tenure by the tenant (Robinson 1985).
The farms in the area used the Chapelton name in 1829 (Aitken) and Armstrong's 1775 map shows and names a Chapel. The name change from Templetoun to Chapelton may have resulted from the end of the official existence of the temple-lands sometime after 1720 or as a result of the breaking up of the ownership of these lands at around this date or slightly earlier. Thus the name Templeton was in use in 1604 (Pont), but not by 1775 (Armstrong). The will of Katherine Muir/Mure, dated 1665, relict of William Hepburn of Chapeltoun (Commisariot 1547) in the Parish Of Stewarton, strongly suggests a change of name at an earlier date. This Chapeltoun may be the modern day Chapeltoun Mains.
Paterson (1866) states that
on the lands of Langshaw (now Lainshaw) there was a chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and that it had an appropriate endowment. After the
reformation the endowment was appropriated by the patron and the chapel allowed to fall into ruins. Temple-lands did not pay teins to maintain the local church and they were therefore a highly prized and lucrative asset.
In 1616 the patronage was in the hands of Sir Neil Montgomerie of Lainshaw as granted by the Earl of Eglintoun, but by 1661 the patronage was once again held directly by the Earl of Eglintoun as indicated below. The site of the chapel was called Chapelton in the 17th. century and Chapel by 1874. The same information is given by Groome in 1885 and Barclay.
Dobie in 1874 records that Hugh, Earl of Eglintoun inherited in May 1661 the 10 merkland of Langshaw with the patronage of the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin within these lands. A reference is made to a James Wyllie, whose family held these lands for several generations. This statement is made as part of a reference to the 5 merk lands of Gallaberry which were part of a larger area of land, most of which belonged to the estate of Dunlop. The name Gallaberry is thought to be derived from the Saxon word
burgh and the Celtic word
Gauls, the term meaning therefore the burgh, mansion or strength of the Gauls. Sanderson mentions a rural chapel dedicated to the
Virgin Mother Mary located on the Lainshaw lands.
It is relevant here to note that Dobie lists three families with the name Tempiltoun in the Kilmaurs valuation role of 1640 whilst no other Cunninghame parishes have this name listed. One of the oldest graves in Kilmaurs-Glencairn churchyard, dating from the 17th. century, is that of a Tempiltoun.
Dobie states that two chapels existed, one at Lainshaw and one at Chapeltoun, however he may have confused the term 'attached' which can mean that it was on the land of or had been endowed by the owner or the Lord of the Barony, rather than necessarily being in close proximity to the castle/house of Lainshaw. If Paterson statement implying that only one chapel existed and that it was at Chapleton is correct, and he was brought up locally, then our knowledge of the history of the Chapel of St. Mary is greatly increased.
The Topographical Dictionary of Scotland in 1846 states that "About a mile from the town (Stewarton), on the farm of Chapelton (now Chapeltoun Mains), were recently dug up the foundations of an ancient chapel, of which however, no authentic records have been preserved."
In January 1678 Robert Cunynghame, druggist / apothecary in Edinburgh, is stated to be the heir to Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Cunynghame of Auchenharvie. She was his cousin German and part of the inheritance was 10 merk land of Fairlie-Crivoch, with the chapel lands and glebe of Fairlie-Crivoch. No other chapel is in the locality, so this most probably refers to the Chapel at Chapelton. He also owned much of the lands of
Lambroughton. Crivoch was a barony and the lands had been split into Lindsay-Crevoch and Montgomerie-Crevoch. Fairlie Crevoch is probably the property close to the old Crivoch Mill at Kennox.
The chapel can never have been very large and was abandoned at the time of the Protestant reformation in Scotland led by the ex-Roman Catholic priest
John Knox (1514 to 1572). Interestingly is not marked as a ruin on the 1775 Armstrong map, but as a small mansion house, implying that a Chapel House existed somewhere in the vicinity, in addition to the 1775 Laigh (possibly later named Chapelton). It has been stated that this site was just called 'chapel' at this time and this is the name given on Armstrong's map.
No evidence for the site of the priest's dwelling exists, however the site of the old Templeton/Chapleton House suggest itself. If the Laigh marked on the 1775 map refers to Laigh Chapelton then the antiquity of the site is further enhanced as it is the only other named site in the vicinity of the chapel.
The history of the monastic settlement and the chapel of Saint Mary at the
Thugart stane/T'Ogra Stane/Thurgatstane/Thorgatstane/Field Spirit Stane/Ogrestane near
Dunlop is a parallel example to the Chapel on the Chapel Hill. The pagan stone is still exists, 13 feet long, 10 feet broad and 4 feet high (Smith 1895), but no evidence of the Christian sites is visible, apart from the inconspicuous Holy Well in the field bordered by the burn. Bayne states that the stone may have been a
'rocking or logan' stone at one time and it is recorded that the farmer was not permitted to plough within a set distance of the stone, presumably because of a tradition of pagan burials around this monument, which is a 'glacial erratic' in origin. It was still worshipped up until the times of popery according to McIntosh.
The topography of the area is typical of the sort of site chosen for early ecclesiastical establishments and the building of chapels or churches on pagan sites is a classic example of the way that Christianity supplanted pagan beliefs and practices. Both these religious sites are also in sheltered valleys, with ample running water and are hidden from view.
As stated the 1775 Armstrong map of Ayrshire clearly shows a chapel marked, so it was known to exist at this time, however the remains would have been slowly mined/removed over the years by local farmers and used for building work, etc. The remains of the chapel would have been hard to locate by the early 18th. century. Arrowsmith's 1807 map shows Chapel marked near Linshaw (Lainshaw) and no Laigh mentioned, whilst Ainslie's 1821 map shows a Chapel and a Laigh. It is likely that the term Chapel on most maps could be referring to a dwelling or farm and not the Chapel on the Hill or mound.
Smith, the well known antiquarian, in 1895 describes the mound as being 22 paces in diameter, 20 feet high on the low side and 7 feet high on the high side. He states that it is well cared for and that a flight of steps, not clearly visible today, ran up from its base to the top. However significantly he makes no reference to any remains of the chapel itself. The 1897 25" to the mile OS shows a path at the Chapelhill House side of the mound and a possibly a curving path or steps up. Smith also states that the mound was repaired some fifty years before, which fits in with the approximate dates for the likely construction of the Chapelton (old) house, by or for James McAlister (Dobie 1876) who is given as the owner of Chapelton at around this time, and it is stated in 1874 that the chapel ruins were found some 40 years before, i.e. around 1834. The 1846 record states that they had been found recently however (Topo Dict Scot).
Alternative local names for the burial mound are the 'Jockey's cap' and the 'Monk's Graveyard', the 1897 OS map states that human bones were found in the hill. John Dobie in his additional notes to his father's work, calls the site 'the chapeltons'. The mound itself is one of the finest preserved bronze age burial mounds in Ayrshire (Smith 1895). A previous owner of the Chapel Hill mound carried out an unofficial excavation in recent years.
The name 'Jockey's Cap' originates from the days when the annual
'Stewarton Bonnet Guild Festival' included horse racing - like the
'Irvine Marymass' Celebrations still do. The mound was the perfect site for viewing the 'racecourse' set out on the field below 'Chapeltoun Mains'. The shape of the mound is reminiscent of a jockey's cap.
In the 1980's a group of 'Wicca' chose the Chapel Hill top to hold a '
Halloween' festival with a large bonfire, etc., much to the surprise of the locals.
In around 1700 John Somerville of the Kennox Estate in Lanarkshire purchased the Bollingshaw (now Bonshaw) barony and built Kennox (also Kenox in 1832) House (Paterson 1866) on the lands of Montgomerie-Crevoch. He married Janet, eldest daughter and heiress of Alexander Montgomerie of Assloss (previously Aslois, Sloss or Asloace) near Kilmarnock. The family sold Assloss in 1725 (Robertson 1823). William Somerville succeeded to the Kennox property in 1743 and married Lilias Porterfield of Hapland. A daughter, Janet, married Charles McAlester in 1792, only son of Angus McAlester of Loup, Chief of the Clan who died in 1797. Colonel Charles McAlester, Laird of Loup and Kennox, became Deputy Lieutenant of Ayrshire, and Commandant of the first regiment of Ayrshire Local Militia. When the regiment was disbanded he kept the banners, instruments and other items at Kennox, saying that "if anyone had a better claim" he would release the items to them (Kilm Glen Ramb 1930). A reference exists to the Porterfields of that Ilk residing at Chapelton House (Porterfield 1947).
Charles and Janet had four children. They bequeathed the part of the barony of Bollingshaw named Chapelton to their younger son James, who never married and died in 1857. Charles the father died in 1847 and his eldest son, also called Charles Somerville McAlester, born in 1828 and married to Mary Brabazon, inherited the Kennox estate. It is recorded by Dobie that the older Charles was an eccentric and was one of the last of the country squires of old in his attitudes and behaviour.
Captain Charles Somerville McAlester married Williamina P.Pollok-Morris of Craig House. She died aged 27 in 1872. She is buried in Kilmaurs-Glencairn chuch with her parents and not with her husband. This is rather unusual and seems to have been a family tradition judging by the other married daughters buried here with the family. Kennox is not even in the same Parish as Craig House.
The Kennox estate consisted of the lands of Crevoch-Lindsay, Crevoch-Montgomerie, part of the lands of Bonshaw and the lands of Fairlie-Crevoch, including the chapel lands and the glebe. These chapel lands would have been held in mortmain until after the reformation (Aiton 1811). The old cottage beyond the site of the old mill was formerly known as Fairlie-Crevoch (Miller 2006) and a building of that name is placed in this area in Pont's map of 1604. Another Fairlie-Crevoch is situated near Cunninghamhead and a Fairlie-Crevoch Mill existed on the Annick near Ramstane (1860 OS), however this had been known as Scroaggy or Scroaggie Mill until after the 'Kennox' mill fell into disuse.
No date is given for when James McAlester obtained Chapleton, however we know from Dobie that another James, nephew of the aforementioned James, was the owner in 1874. The nephew also never married.
The Armstrong map of 1775 show a 'Laigh' in fairly close proximity to the 'Chapel'. This is in all probability Laigh Chapelton, suggesting that a dwelling existed at this date and adding strength to the supposition that Laigh Chapelton was a building, or the site of a building, of some considerable antiquity. A legal document, 'Defences for James Wilson of High Chapelton sued by John Miller of Laigh Chapelton' in 1820 gives us the names of the tenants of both of these properties at this time (Smith 2006).
The formal name change from Templeton to Chapelton did not occur as a result of the rediscovery of the St. Mary's Chapel ruins by the new landowner, James McAlister, for it had clearly never been truly lost as such. However the discovery may help provide an approximate date for the reconstruction / extension of the house at Laigh Chapelton. Paterson says in 1866 that the chapel discovery was some years before, evidence from Dobie gives us the date of 1836 and Smith's evidence gives the date of 1845. Aitken shows only a Laigh Chapelton Farm in 1829 and all this suggests that the 'old' Chapelton House and estate were developed in around 1830 to 1850. The early to mid 1800's is a time during which many country houses were built, modernised or extended (Davis 1981) and OS maps show the increasing importance of the Laigh Chapelton estate around this time, with the development of formal gardens (from the 1858 OS), new driveways, etc.
Chapeltoun Mains farm changes its name from simple Chapelton, which Laigh Chapelton now adopts, sometime between 1829 and 1858. This suggests that at this time Chapelton Mains was the home farm prior to the building of what is now Chapelhill House in around 1911, as judged from the OS maps. A small building appears near the site of Chapelburn Cottage from 1858.
A farm originally called Chapelton Moss Head by Thomson in 1828, is later called just Mosshead and was situated in the fields of Bottoms Farm with its entrance just after the bridge over the Chapel Burn. All traces of it above ground have vanished, whilst Bogside cottage is still represented by building debris at the edge of the field near the entrance to the Bogflat Farm, which has itself been lovelingly rebuilt in the last few years (circa 2004). In 1881 an Alexander Muir, aged 38, a general merchant lived at Bogflat with his wife Margaret and sons David and John. A building named Bog is marked on Armstrong's 1775 map and this was most likely Bogflat for we know from a marriage stone from Bogflat, now in the Stewarton Museum, that a dwelling was there in 1711 with a JR recorded and the other initials unfortunately cut off (McDonald 2006).
Windwaird is the name given by Aitken in 1829 to a house on the Torranyard to Stewarton road, not far from the fairly recently created entrance for pedestrians to Lainshaw House that runs through the Anderson Plantation (a name marked on the maps but not generally known to the local farmers). This building is called Parkside on the OS maps, first shown on the 1832 map, it is marked on the 1960, but not the 1974 OS. The last family to live here were the Muir's, relatives of the Muir's of Gillmill (also Gillmiln) Farm. Interestingly in 1616 the "lands of the Waird, etc." were conveyed to David Cunninghame of Robertland by William, Lord Kilmaurs (McNaught 1912), but any connection with this site is unproven. A
waird is a feudal land tenure right conferred through military service obligations of tenants (see Definitions and Scot's words). Wardpark near Lochridge is spelt Wairdpark in Pont's map of 1604. Cankerton is rarely indicated by name and was the home of James Orr, farmer who died in 1859 aged 43. His wife Mary Brown had died in 1845 aged just 25. Cankerton is also foundlocally as a surname, but the etymology is unclear, a canker meaning a blight/fungal disease of trees or cereals.
High Chapelton is first marked on the 1829 and the 1858 maps, together with a limekiln and a ford over the Annick. An old track is seen running from the farm to the field containing the 'grain barn' near Laigh Castleton; ploughing in this field has not turned up any stones, building or otherwise therefore suggesting a building constructed from wood.
The 1858 OS shows two buildings on the site, very close to each other but not physically connected. One building probably being the old Laigh Chapelton Farm and the other, on the right, being the residence built for James McAlister. The photograph (Davis 1991) seems to be of the side of the house facing onto the road and the Chapel Hill. The 1851 OS shows formal gardens with a boundary wall, paths and a central feature, possibly a pond. The 1897 OS shows one large building with wings and extensions which appear to be porches and possibly a conservatory. By this date the formal gardens are absent, as in the 1911 OS. The ha-ha (see section is not shown in the large scale map of 1897 OS, but appears to be present in the 1858 and the 1911 editions. No footbridge can be made out, however the OS maps have a number of errors and omissions, especially the exact outlines of buildings which are often only 'approximations'. Between 1858 and 1897 a main driveway has been constructed into the grounds from nearly opposite the Chapel Hill and a formal path with steps leads from the position of today's main entrance down to Chapelton House.
The Chapelton (old) House was demolished in around 1908, possibly following a fire as this is the strong local tradition for the demise of the house (Smith 2006 and Wilson 2006). Some of the dressed stonework may have been used in the building of the new house, garden and drive walls, the sides of the Chapel burn and elsewhere. The walling around the field side of the Chapel Hill mound is not entirely built with stones from Chapelton (old) House as some old building rubble was brought in from elsewhere at a much later date by the owner of Chapeltoun Mains, Mr. A.Robinson (Smith 2006).
The gate to the field below the mound has three sandstone gateposts laid horizontally, two of them are exceptionally large and could be the ornamented gateposts from the old entrance and driveway to Chapelton (old) House. The actual drive is now represented by the curling pond behind the walled up entrance and the OS maps show an entrance here until at least 1911. Chapeltoun Mains has only one gatepost and both High Chapeltoun and Chapelhill house have none. These changes probably reflect the requirement to have access for large modern farm machinery. The gateposts are machine cut sandstone and the same design is found elsewhere, such as at the Kennox lodge, Cankerton and opposite Peacockbank Farm (previously Pearce Bank) near Stewarton, near the original entrance road to Lochridge. In 1775 Armstrong's map shows the road going no further than Lochridge (formerly Lochrig). A windpump is shown situated above Chapeltoun House on the 1923 OS map.
During demolition it was noted (Davis 1991) that the stonework in the lower story of Chapelton (old) House was noticeably older than the upper story as would be expected if Laigh Chapelton had developed into Chapelton when it acquired an owner with greater financial means, Mr. James McAlister (or McAlester), who added first a new 'mansion house', later an upper story to the old farm, developed the ornamental gardens and probably built the bridge over the river with the associated 'ha-ha' (see the section on the estate gardens and landscape).
Michael Davis records that Hugh Neilsen, the owner of
'Summerlee Iron Company' had the present mansion house designed in 1908 by Alexander Cullen, an architect from Hamilton. The family moved into the house in 1910, however The gate-lodge was not built until around 1918, having been designed by Cullen, Lochhead and Brown. R.W.Schultz had proposed a terraced garden in 1911, but it is not known to what extent the existing terraces reflect this design. The pillars at the base of the main flight of steps incorporate old ornamental worked sandstone, presumably from the Chapelton (old) House. The name 'Chapletoun', with the extra letter 'u' was presumably adopted for the new mansion house.
Hugh Nielsen was a keen player of the bagpipes and the music could be heard at many of the surrounding farms, drifting up from the estate gardens. He was also very fond of curling and as soon as the weather was cold enough he would invite all the locals down for a match and a dram at his curling pond (Hastings 1995). It is believed to have been restored when the house was a hotel, using concrete and tarmac.
The Chapeltoun Estate was never very large, incorporating Chapeltoun Mains, High Chapeltoun, the home farm (now Chapelhill House), Chapelburn Cottage, Chapelton Mosshead Farm, Bogside cottage and Bogflat. 'Cankerton' and 'Bloomridge' were part of the Kennox Estate.
Bogside cottage was lived in by Mr. Troop and his family and later on by a Mr. McGaw who worked at Chapeltoun Mains. He was the Chapeltoun House gardener. Mr. Thow (pronounced Thor) a forester, lived with his family at the Bogflat Farmhouse. A chauffeur, a Mr. McLean lived at Chapelburn cottage (Wilson 2006). Firbank existed as a small copse with a possible (unrecorded) standing stone, the bungalow was built in the 1970's.
An incident remembered by Mrs. Wilson is that of Mr. Neilsen challenging a young man from Kilmaurs to a fist fight because he had found that the man was courting one of his housemaids.
The 'mansion' house of 1910 has had a number of changes of use after it was a private house, being the headquarters of an insurance company and a hotel under several different owners, before becoming a family home again around 2004. The Third Statistical Account still records Chapeltoun as being one of the six main estates in the parish of Stewarton.
In the woodland policies of Chapeltoun House is the Monk's Well (OS 1974), fountain or spring as indicated on the OS maps going back as far as 1858. Its present appearance is probably as a Victorian or Edwardian 'whimsy' or
'folly' with a large, thick sandstone 'tombstone appearance' with a slightly damaged cross carved in relief upon it and a spout through which the spring water once passed into a cast iron 'bowl'. It seems unlikely from the workmanship that this stone and cross have anything to do with the old chapel, but one possibility is that it came from over the entrance door to Laigh Chapelton as the custom was for a Templar property to have the 'cross' symbol of the order displayed in such a fashion (Dobie 1876). On the otherhand it could have been made for the Chapelton (old) House to associate the building with the Christian history of the site. The stone is unusually thick and has been clearly reworked to pass a spout through it.
A well is marked near the Chapelton (old) House which became a pump later and may now be represented by a surving stone lined well with steps leading down to it. The water from this well was used to fill the
Curling Pond which was built by the Neilsen's on the site of the original driveway into the old house/farm.
At the top edge of riverside meadow are to be found a couple of sizeable
glacial erratics, which were dug out during the construction of the sewerage treatment plant. The remains of the abutments of a footbridge across the river are visible where the garden boundary hedge meets the Annick and Florence Miller remembers the bridge as still standing in the late 1920's. This presumably Victorian or Edwardian feature would take people across to the area now thick with
rhododendrons (R.ponticum), typically planted by estate owners. On the
Lambroughton side of the river is a substantial wall with a wide ditch in front, built with considerable labour and of no drainage function. This structure was probably a
'ha-ha' (sometimes spelt har har) or sunken fence which is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park so designed as not to interrupt the view and to not be seen until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in many landscape gardens laid and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Lancelot
'Capability' Brown. "The contiguous ground of the park without the sunk fence was to be harmonized with the land within; and the garden in its turn was to be set free from its prim regularity, that it might assort with the wilder country without". Most typically they are found in the grounds of grand country houses and estates and acted as a means of keeping the cattle and sheep out of the formal gardens, without the need for obtrusive fencing. They vary in depth from about 5 feet (Chapeltoun House) to 9 feet (Petworth).
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[The Coach Road through the policies near the Lainshaw HaHa |
The old driveway to Lainshaw House off the Stewarton to Torranyard road also has a 'ha-ha' on the side facing the home farm before it reaches the woods. The name ha-ha may be derived from the response of ordinary folk on encountering them and that they were, "...then deemed so astonishing, that the common people called them Ha! Ha's! to express their surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to their walk." An alternative theory is that it describes the laughter of those who see a walker fall down the unexpected hole. A seat may have been situated by the ha-ha and the woodland view would have been, and indeed still is, very attractive as this area is clearly an ancient woodland remnant. The stone boundary wall stops in line with the ha-ha.
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Chapeltoun Bridge and the River Annick from Chapel Hill |
The Chapeltoun Bridge over the Annick and is a carefully designed sandstone structure complementing the scene. 'Stepping stones' are marked on the 1897 OS map as being located just downstream from here. The name Annick, previously Annock, Annoch (1791) or Annack Water, possibly derives from the Gaelic
abhuin, meaning water and
oc or
aig meaning little or small. The valley which this river runs through was once called
Strathannock (Dobie 1876). Immense labour has been expended building walls on either side of the river and even the Chapel Burn bed is 'cobbled'.
'Fossilised' linear bands of stone deposition in gardens which were part of this 'boundary' field suggest that the old
'rig and furrow' system was used hereabouts, however extensive modern ploughing has hidden the 'tell tale' signs (McNaught 1912). The amount of stone clearance in the 'Lambroughton Woods' bearing plough scoring, illustrates the extent of the ploughing. Other fields in the area still show these unmistakable signs of cultivation and place names such as Lochrig (now Lochridge) and Righead Smithy preserve the history of the practice.
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The Woods above the River Annick as viewed from East Lambroughton |
The area of 'wild-wood' beyond the ha-ha, with its 'sheets of bluebells', the wood rushes, wood sorrel, dog's mercury, snowdrops, celandine, broad buckler, lady and male-shield ferns, helleborine orchids and other species typical of long established woodlands, abruptly ends at the 'march' (estate boundary) indicated by a large earth bund and a coppiced boundary beech. The 1858 OS shows the wood as confined to the area of the ha-ha, however by 1897 the OS shows woodland as far up as the march. The Lambroughton woods beyond (until recently the property of the Montgomery/Southannan Estate) are not shown on the older maps including the 1911 OS, they are shown in the 1960 OS map as a pine plantations (Groome 1885) amongst what was scrub or partial woodland cover containing elder, gean, ash, etc. Before this time the area above the river was not even fenced off at the top where it becomes 'level' with the field.
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[The Coppiced Boundary March Tree |
Although
giant hogweed is taking hold along the Annick (2006), however the riparian (water side) flora is still indicative of long established and undisturbed habitats. The rare crosswort, (a relative of the goosegrass or cleavers) is found nearby. The river contains, amongst others, brown trout, sea trout, salmon, eels, minnows, and stickleback. The water quality is much improved since the Stewarton cloth mills closed and the river no longer carries their dyes and other pollutants as shown by the presence of freshwater limpets and shrimps, together with leeches, caddis fly larvae and water snail species.
Kingfishers have been seen just downstream and the estate's woodland policies and river contain, amongst others, tawny and barn owls, herons, mallard, ravens, rooks, treecreepers, buzzards, peewits or lapwings, roe deer, mink, moles, grey squirrels, hares, hedgehogs, foxes,
badgers,
pipistrelle bats and probably
otters. Migrating Canada and
Graylag Geese frequent the nearby fields on their way up from the
Solway Firth/Caerlaverock or coming down from
Spitzbergen in the winter. Duncan McNaught in 1895 records that he found a kingfisher's nest at an arms length inside a earthen burrow at Chapleton on the Annick.
The estate woodlands contains typical species, such as copper beech, horse-chestnut, yew, bay-laurel, oaks, ornamental pines, and a fine walnut. Several very large beeches and sycamores are also present. The
Glenfield Ramblers recorded two especially rare species in the area of the Lainshaw Estate, the Lesser Wintergreen and the Bird's Nest Orchid. Unfortunately no precise details of the site were recorded (Glen. Ramb. 1930).
The hedgerow trees accepted today as part of the familiar landscape were not planted by farmers for visual effect, they were crops and the wood was used for building and fencing and the millers needed beech or hornbeam wood for mill machinery, in particular for the sacraficial cogs on the main drive gears. It is not generally appreciated how much the Ayrshire landscape has changed its character, for even in 1760-70 the
Statistical Account it is stated that "there was no such thing to be seen as trees or hedges in the parish; all was naked and open".
Wheeled vehicles were unknown to farmers in the area until the end of the 17th. century and prior to this sledges were used to haul loads (Strawhorn 1951) as wheeled vehicles were useless. Roads were mere tracks and such bridges as there were could only take pedestrians, men on horseback or pack-animals. The first wheeled vehicles to be used in Ayrshire were carts offered gratis to labourers working on Riccarton Bridge in 1726.
The Stewarton to Torranyard (Torrenzairds in 1613) road was a turnpike as witnessed by the name Crossgates (Stewarton 3 and Irvine 5 1/4 miles), Gateside (near Stacklawhill Farm) and the check bars that are shown on the 1858 OS at Crossgates and at the Bickethall (previously Bihetland) road end to prevent vehicles, horse riders, etc. turning off the turnpike and avoiding the toll charges. In Scots a bicket is a pocket, an appropriate desciption of the area the farm lies in. A modern cottage nearby is called Robelle after the farmers Robert and Isabelle from Bickethall.
The name 'Turnpike' originated from the original 'gate' used being just a simple wooden bar attached at one end to a hinge on the supporting post. The hinge allowed it to 'open' or 'turn' This bar looked like the 'pike' used as a weapon in the army at that time and therefore we get 'turnpike'. Other than providing better roads, the turnpikes settled the confusion of the different lengths given to miles (Thompson 1999), which had varied from 4,854 to nearly 7000 feet. Long miles, short miles, Scotch or Scot's miles (5,928 feet), Irish miles (6,720 feet), etc. all existed. Another point is that when the toll roads were constructed the
Turnpike Trusts went to considerable trouble to improve the route of the new roads and these changes could be quite considerable. The tolls on roads were abolished in 1878 to be replaced by a road assessment, which was taken over by the County Council in 1889.
Colonel McAlester was a member of the Turnpike Trust and no doubt exerted considerable influence over the route of the turnpike and other matters.
John Loudon McAdam was very actively involved with Scottish Turnpikes, living at Sauchrie near Ayr until he moved to Bristol to become
Surveyor to the local Turnpike Trust in 1826.
None of the toll road milestones are visible because they were buried during the
Second World War to prevent them from being used by invading troops, agents, etc.(Wilson 2006). This seems to have happened all over Scotland, however Fife was more fortunate than Ayrshire, for the stones were taken into storage and put back in place after the war had finished (Stephen 1967-68). The milestone near Kirkmuir Farm is likewise missing, presumed buried.
Close to Kirkmuir (previously Laigh Kirkmuir), a farm occupied by William Mure in 1692 (Commisariot 1547), is the Freezeland plantation on the turnpike as marked on the 1858 OS. Nowadays it is a smallholding without a dwelling house. The origin of the name is unclear, however the existence of this small patch of fenced off land may be linked to the reference in Thomson's 1832 map to a fold, either for sheep or cattle. It could have been a pen for strayed stock or be connected with the tolls on the turnpike in some way. A building may have existed here. Kirkmuir was a farm on the Longridge Plantation near Highcross farm (Thomson 1832), later becoming Little Kirkmuir and being marked but not named by 1895 and before ceasing to be recorded on the maps by around 1921.
A Kirkhill dwelling is last marked on the 1858 and 1895 0S, below Kirkhill and near to South Kilbride. It was close to a small burn running from Water Plantation above Stewarton, in a sheltered glen, typical of early religious settlements and the Kirkhill itself, which was wooded in 1858, is an excellent viewpoint. A track led up to it from Gillmill Farm and it had an entrance near that of South Kilbride. The plethora of religious names in this area - the Kirkmuirs, Kirkhill, High Cross, Canaan and the Kilbrides, suggest that at some point in the distant past a christian site was located here. No documentary evidence remains and the earliest record is for Kirkry in 1654, now Kilbride. The name Canaan may be linked to William Cuninghame of Lainshaw who was a religious zealot, well known for
his theological writings and fanciful expositions of prophecy(Dobie 1876). He died in 1849.
High Cross was occupied by the Harvies in 1951, who had purchased the farm from the Nairnshaw Estate in 1921. According to Strawhorn they had reconditioned the old thatched farmhouse in 1915 and added a gravitation water supply, bathroom, telephone and electricity. The farm buildings are now (2006) abandoned and the site awaits a new use.
Paterson (1866) states that their is a mineral spring near Stewarton, called the
Bloak Well. Robinson gives the Scot's word 'blout' as meaning the 'eruption of fluid' or a place that is soft or wet. Both meanings would fit in this context. Blout and Bloak are very similar words, with a Bloak Moss not very far away at Auchentiber.
A well recorded as Bloak Well was first discovered in 1800 (Smith 1895), around 1826 (Paterson 1866) or 1810 (Topog Dict Scot 1846) or 1800, by the fact that pigeons from neighbouring parishes flocked here to drink. Mr.Cunningham of Lainshaw built a handsome house over the well in 1833 and appointed a keeper to take care of it as the mineral water was of some value.
The Chapel Burn rises near the Anderson Plantation in the fields below Lainshaw Mains and it is marked as a
chalybeate or mineral spring on the 1911 6" OS map. Bore holes nearby suggest that the water was put to a more formal use at one time, supplying cattle troughs or possibly even for a stand pipe as mineral water was popular for its supposed curative properties. According to the opinion of the day, it could cure ‘the colic, the melancholy, and the vapours; it made the lean fat, the fat lean; it killed flat worms in the belly, loosened the clammy humours of the body, and dried the over-moist brain. The main spring here has been covered over and the water piped out to the burn.
The
chalybeate spring (otherwise known as
Siderite, a mineral consisting of carbonate of iron, FeCO3 - 48 percent Iron) described here is not the only well / spring in the area which is identified as being a mineral spring, for there is still a cottage named Saltwell in what was the hamlet of Bloak. This information is stated by the Topographical Dictionary of Scotland, however Mrs.Florence Miller of Saltwell recollects that this well was never known specifically as the Bloak Well. The present building was purchased from the Cunninghames of Lainshaw in the 1920's, having been built between 1800 and 1850. It is thought that the salt well now lies beneath the floor of the building and various physical features of the building suggest that it is the structure built by the Cunninghames. The well was first discovered by the fact that migrating birds, especially swifts and swallows, flocked to it (Miller 2006). It is of unkown composition and is not listed as chalybeate. The cottage was a
'but and ben' and it is a 'handsome' building as described by Paterson. A Redwells Farm is located nearby at Auchentiber, the etymology of
tiber itself refers to a well (McNaught 1912).
In 1930 the
Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers' Society record a
Ramble during which they walked past the well known local spring, its waters rich in iron, on their way to the Kennox Estate, having already visited the Lainshaw Estate (Kilm Ramb 1930). This must be the source of the Chapel Burn.
The Chapeltoun march is a significant historic survival in an Ayrshire context and in addition we have some information about its construction (Smith 2006). We are told in 1820 that "the march dyke was "built some many years ago when such boundaries were quite a new thing and thought by some to be rather an incovenience". Ditchers were employed to build it and thorns and trees were purchased to plant on it. The word fence is used as well as dyke in regards of the construction method. Part of the march dyke is still clearly indicated by a large coppiced beech and we know that this coppicing or pollarding was done because such 'marker' trees will live considerably longer than trees which have been left untouched.
James Wilson of High Chapelton and John Miller of Laigh Chapelton went to court over the matter of the march dyke built between their lands by the father of James (Smith 2006). The document makes it clear that such inclosures were unusual at the time and although John's father very reluctantly agreed to the march dyke being built with a straightening of the old boundary, he did not pay anything towards its construction or for its maintenance, despite the march being of a level of construction which required skilled ditchers to be employed for the task.
The ill-feeling seems to have spread into the next generation for James records that John has cut 'march' trees down in the past and has thrown thorns and brambles from the march into the High Chapletoun's hayfields. The irony is that John of Laigh Chapleton is suing James for cutting down trees from the march dyke and requires money to plant new trees and to compensate for the inconvenience he has been put through. We do not know the outcome, however the action is described as "trifling and frivolous". The clue to the ill-feeling may be in the term 'straightening' which may imply that John's father agreed to a new march which may have resulted in some small loss of his lands.
The march dyke is clearly marked on the 1885 OS map, following the course of the bank above the water meadow from the riverside and then running up as a 'v' shape towards High Chapeltoun before coming back down to join the lane near the Chapel mound. It doesn't follow the line of the natural ridge above the waterside meadow.
Aiton in 1811 mentions
"a curious notion that has long prevailed in the County of Ayr, and elsewhere, that the wool of sheep was pernicious to the growth of thorns" (hawthorn or whitethorn and blackthorn or sloe).
Crevoch Mill
Crivoch or Crevoch (also Crevock in 1821) mill, part of which was recently (2005) rebuilt as Angel Cottage, family home, was the site of a Mill and associated miller's dwelling, byre, etc. as far back as 1678. The old cornmill mill was part of the Barony of Crevoch and lay in the portion which was called Crivoch-Lindsay. In 1608 Archibald Lindsay was heir to Andrew Lindsay the owner, however by 1617 the lands were in the hands of James Dunlop, whose father was James Dunlop of that Ilk.
In January 1678 Robert Cunynghame, apothecary / druggist in Edinburgh, is stated to be the heir to Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Cunynghame of Auchenharvie. She was his cousin german and part of the inheritance was the 5 merk land of Fairlie-Crivoch and the mill. He also owned some of the lands of
Lambroughton and
Auchenharvie near
Cunnighamhead / Percton. A Robert and Jonet Galt are recorded as living at Crivoch in around 1668 (Commisariot 1547).
The mother of the late Mrs. Minnie Hastings of West Lambroughton Farm (Hastings 1995) had been one of the last occupants of the house at the Crevoch Mill site. The family name was Kerr. A track led from Crivoch up to Bottoms farm and this gave access through to Chapeltoun. The full name of Bottoms farm is
Bottoms at Point Crivoch. The Dusky Cranesbill, a rare garden escape, was recorded by the Glenfield Ramblers' at Crivoch mill in the 1850's and was still growing at the site in 2004.
The Gallowayford Cists
At Gallowayford near Kennox is the site of the discovery in 1850 (Smith 1895) of stone lined graves about 3 feet square, in a group of tumuli, in which were found two urns containing flint arrowheads and some
'Druid's glass' beads. Charles McAlister Esq. of Kennox House, the laird, had ordered these graves to be opened and examined. The flints and the eleven beads (probably made of amber) have been lost after having being taken into the keeping of the laird. They had at least been photographed and sketched by a visitor in the 1920's. The urns were also feared lost, however it was found that they had been recorded under Loup and not Kennox (as the owner was Laird of both places) in the record of the
National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. In 1949 they had been purchased from the estate. This find is one of the very few where two urns were found in the same cist and the assemblage of grave goods is unusual (Ritchie 1981/2). Gallowayford Farm is no longer in existence, however the remains of the dam or weir in the Glazert nearby can be clearly seen.
Bonshaw
William Irvine (c. 1298) (also known as William de Irwin) was a soldier. He was granted land in
Aberdeenshire in 1323 by Robert the Bruce for faithful service. This grant included a defensive work known as the
Drum Tower, thus William became the first Laird of Drum. The family had previously held the lands of Bonshaw and took their name from the town of
Irvine. An Irvinehill Farm is found near Kennox which may relate to this family name.
Bonshaw (formerly Bollingshaw or Bonstonshaw) was a small estate of the Boyd's, a cadet of the Boyds, Lords of Kilmarnock (Dobie 1876). The mansion house has been long demolished and all that remains are the entrance gateposts and an
ice house. Near to the existing farm is the Hut Knoll (Smith 1895) or more commonly Hutt Knowe (Huit is a stack and Knowe is a knol or low hill), also known as Bonshaw or Bollingshaw Mound, 17m in diameter and 2.7 m high, variously described as a mounded corn-kiln or lime kiln (Linge 1987). Corn-drying kilns were often built into sloping ground or existing mounds (Fairhurst 1967-68). It has large integral basal stones and was described in 1890 (Smith 1895) as having culverts or 'penns' in its sides, although these are not visible today. In 1828, Alexander Ferguson Reid inherited the estate, he was known as the "Ayrshire Genius" and was an inventor and collected antiquities, as well as geological and natural history specimens. He dug into this Druidical Mound or Moot Hill several times and found nothing to help explain its age or purpose (Dobie 1876). Most maps do not show the ice house which lies to the east of the driveway and some confusion in the descritions may have arisen from misidentification of the ice house, limekiln and the Hutt Knowe. In the grounds of the present farm are curved ditches which are shown to have held water, either as ornamental ponds or for some practical purpose now unknown. The site had an apple orchard within the last 50 years or so, for John Hastings remembers raiding it (Hastings 2006).
Bankend or Sandilands Farm
Bankend Farm near the Annick is marked on the 1775 Armstrong's map, however it shown as a ruin as far back as 1858. Its name was transferred to the farm of Sandilands sometime after 1923 and the name Sandilands or Sandylands dropped, 'apart' from the cottage nearby which uses the name Sandbank. Nothing of old Bankend remains on the site, the rubble now being located on the riverbank. The Sandilands family, with the title Lord Torphichen, held the temple-lands and this would have included "the chapel lands and glebe of Fairlie-Crivoch." The soil in these parts is not sandy and the land ownership may very well be the explanation for the origin of the placename given the connection between the Sandylands or Sandilands family and the former Knights Templar estates.
Limekilns are a common feature of farms in the area and limestone was quarried in a number of places, such as at Stacklawhill. Limekilns seem to have come into regular use about the 18th century and were located at Stacklawhill, Haysmuir, Bonshaw, High Chapeltoun, Bloomridge (Blinridge in 1828), Gillmill, Sandylands (now Bank End) and Crossgates. Large limestone blocks were used for building but the smaller pieces were burnt, using coal dug in the parish (Topog Dict Scot) to produce lime which was a useful commodity in various ways: it could be spread on the fields to reduce acidity, for lime-mortar in buildings or for lime-washing on farm buildings. It was regarded as cleansing agent. A number of small whinstone, sand and sandstone quarries were also present in the area and brick clay was excavated near Kirkmuir (Thomson 1828).
Aiton in 1811 comments on the growing of carrots by William Cunningham of Lainshaw as an 'excellent article of food for the human species'. This was one of the first estates to grow them in quantity.
A number of small woodlands are marked as fox coverts, such as below Chapeltoun Mains and near Anderson's Plantation, left for foxes to breed and shelter in safety. The local
hunt used to meet at Chapeltoun House (Barclay 1989).
The
Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) is a neo-classical building in Royal Exchange Square in the Glasgow city centre, which was built in 1778 as the townhouse of William
Cunninghame of Lainshaw, a wealthy tobacco lord. The building has undergone a series of different uses; It was used by the
Royal Bank of Scotland; it then became the Royal Exchange. Reconstruction for this use resulted in many additions to the building, namely the
Corinthian pillars to the Queen Street facade, the cupola above and the large hall to the rear of the old house.
Kennox House has a very unusual survival, a
saw pit is marked on the 6 inch 1858 OS, used for producing sawn planks. It is still clearly visible today. The present house was built in 1820 and part of the older house, built on the lands of Montgomerie-Crevoch in the old Barony of Crevoch and dated 1762, still survives.
The Glazert burn, previously Glazart (Paterson 1847) has otters and the rare
freshwater mussel (source of freshwater pearls). The name may come from the celtic,
glas in gaelic meaning grey or green and
dur meaning water. It is recorded by Dobie in 1876 as being a favourite resort of fishermen and this is still very much the case today (2006).
Near Stacklawhill is the site of the discovery (Smith 1895) of celts (axe heads) and earthenware in 1875.
Shoes were only used for Sunday best and for many of the younger folk going bare foot was the order of the day. The family at High Chapletoun were one of the last to do this on a day to day basis (Hunter 1998).
The Royal Mail re-organised its postal districts in the 1930's and at that point many hamlets and localities ceased to exist officially, such as Chapeltoun, Lambroughton and other areas in Stewarton district (Strawhorn 1951).
On a visit to the Kennox Estate in 1930 the
Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers Society were told by McAlister, the Laird of Loup and Kennox, that the nearby name Gallowayford is derived from the
Gallows which permanently stood beside the ford on the Glazert (Kilm Glen Ramb.1930). It was also noted that an ancient Yew tree grew in the grounds which challenged the
Loudoun Castle yew in size and antiquity. A very fine specimen of a
Hornbeam was also noted.
James Boswell of
Auchinleck House, the famous biographer and friend of
Dr. Samuel Johnson was married to his cousin Margaret Montgomerie in Lainshaw Castle. He had gone to Ireland with Margaret, with the intention of courting another wealthy cousin, however he fell in love with the penniless Margaret and married her instead. The room they were married in was one floor above the room in which the
Earl of Eglintoun was laid after he was murdered by
Cunninghames at the old brig or ford on the Annick near the entrance to the castle on the
Stewarton road (Kilm Ramb 1930).
John Kerr of Stewarton built the first practical
beehive in the World in 1819, octagonal in shape with a bee-space and a queen separator introduced by 1849. The shape was thought to be closest to the natural tree-trunk shape which bees were thought to favour.
Langstroth is often credited with these developments, however an examination of the records shows that John Kerr, a cabinet maker, was the first to use these features in a working hive (More 1976). Beeboles and straw skeps were used previous to these developments and here the bees had to be killed to obtain the honey.
Running from Anderson's Plantation across the hill and back down to the old driveway near to the
walled garden is a wall or dyke replacing a tree lined hedge shown in 1858. The wall or dyke is very unusual in that it is made from roughly equal sized rounded whinstones and it is held together by cement. A great deal of expense and effort would have been needed to build this long section of dyke, which seems to have been in place by 1911.
Rudolf Hess's Messerschmitt Bf 110 was spotted by locals as he flew on his mission from Nazi Germany to meet with the
Duke of Hamilton in 1941. He crashed in Eaglesham on Floors Farm.
*Bicket - a pocket.
*Barony - lands held directly from the crown.
*Butt & Ben - Literally 'backwards and forwards'. A dwelling entered by a single shared
fore-door with a double partition and doors to the living quarters on one side and the byre on the other. A person sitting in the living area, called the
in-seat, would look
butt to the byre and someone in the byre would look
ben to the living area.
*Cousin german - having the same grandparents on the Father's side.
*Fold - an enclosure in which animals were kept, often sheep.
*Glebe - land apportioned to a minister in addition to his stipend.
*Ham - old English for a village or homestead.
*Huit - a stack in a field.
*Knowe - a knol or low hill.
*Law - a small hill or burial mound.
*Mains - the home farm of an estate, cultivate by or for the owner.
*March - an estate or property boundary, from the old English
Mearc a mark.
*Merk - a land value of 2/3 of a Scot's pound.
*Mortmain - lands held in tenure from the church before the reformation.
*Shaw - a small natural wood.
*Teins - a tenth of the income of a property, payable to the church.
*Temple - lands belonging to the Knight's Templar.
*Tenement - land built on and held in tenure.
*Toun or Ton - a farm and its outbuildings, originally an area fenced or walled off with a dwelling within.
*Ward (waird) - feudal land tenure rights conferred through military service obligations of tenants.
*Ward-holding, (waird) - tenure of lands through ward rights.
*Ward Lands, (waird) - lands held in ward.
*Ward Superior, (waird) - the person entitled to draw rent from the lands of a deceased vassal while the heir was still remained a minor, thus unable to perform military service for the ward superior.
*Ainslie, John (1821). A Map of the Southern Part of Scotland.
*Aitken, John (1829). A Survey of the Parishes of Cunningham. Pub. Beith. p.276.
*Aiton, William (1811). General View od the Agriculture of Ayr. Pub. Glasgow.
*Adamson, Archibald R. (1875). Rambles Round Kilmarnock. Pub. T.Stevenson, pps.168-170.
*Armstrong and Son. Engraved by S.Pyle (1775). A New Map of Ayr Shire comprehending Kyle, Cunningham and Carrick.
*Arrowsnith, Aaron (1807). A Map of Scotland Constructed from original Materials.
*Barber, Malcolm (1996). The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple. Pub. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-55872-7. P.304.
*Barclay, Alastair (1989). The Bonnet Toun.
*Bayne, John F. (1935). Dunlop Parish - A History of Church, Parish, and Nobility. Pub. T.& A. Constable, pps.10-16.
*Commisariot of Glasgow Wills from the Commissariot of Glasgow 1547
*Dobie, James (1876). Pont's Cunninghame topographized 1604-1608 with continuations and illustrative notices (1876). Pub. John Tweed.
*Davis, Michael C. (1991). The Castles and Mansions of Ayrshire. Pub. Spindrift Press, Ardrishaig, pps.206 & 207.
*Dillon, William J. (1950). The Origins of Feudal Ayrshire. Ayr Arch Nat Hist Soc V.3. P.73.
*Fairhurst, Horace (1967-68). Rosal:a Deserted Township in Strath Naver, Sutherland. Proc Soc Nat Hist V.100. P.152.
*Groome, Francis H. (1885). Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography. V.6. P.381.
*Hastings, John and Minnie (1995). Personal Communications.
*Hastings, John (2006), the Younger. Personal Communication.
*Hunter, Jessie (1998). Personal Communication.
*Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers Society. (1930). V.10. p.62 and 133.
*Linge, John (1987). Re-discovering a landscape: the barrow and motte in north Ayrshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland. V.117. p.28.
*Miller, Florence (2006). Personal Communication.
*McDonald, Ian (2006). Personal Communication.
*MacIntosh, John (1894). Ayrshire Nights Entertainments: A Descriptive Guide to the History, traditions, Antiquities, etc. of the County of Ayr. Pub. Kilmarnock. p.195.
*McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner.
*More, Daphne (1976). The Bee Book. ISBN 0-7153-7268-8
*Paterson, James (1847). History of Ayr and a Genealogical Account of the Ayrshire Families. P.452.
*Paterson, James (1866). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton.
*Pont, Timothy (1604). Cuninghamia. Pub. J.Blaeu in 1654.
*Porterfield, Frank Burke (1947). The Genealogy of the "Porterfileds." Southeastern Press, Inc., Roanoke, VA
*Ritchie, J.N. (1981/82). A Cist from Gallowayford, Stewarton, Ayrshire. Proc Soc Antiq Scot, V.112. pps.548-549.
*Robertson, George (1823). A Genealogical Account of the Principal Families in Ayrshire, more particularly in Cunninghame. Vol.1. Pub.Irivine.
*Robinson, Mairi (1985). The Concise Scots Dictionary. Aberdeen. ISBN 0-08-028491.
*Sanderson, Margaret H.B. (1997). Ayrshire and the reformation 1490 - 1600. ISBN 1-898410-91-7.
*Smith, David and Barbara (2006). Defence for James Wilson Sued by John Miller 7th. August 1820. Manuscript and personal communications.
*Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. p.85
*Stephen, Walter M. (1967-68). Milestones and Wayside Markers in Fife. Proc Soc Antiq Scot, V.100. P.184.
*Strawhorn, John and Boyd, William (1951). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland. Ayrshire. Pub.Edinburgh.
*Thomson, John (1828). A Map of the Northern Part of Ayrshire.
*Thompson, Ruth & Alan (1999). The Milestones of Arran.
*Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846). Pps.467-89
*Wilson, Jenny (2006). Personal Communication.
