Colonel
Colonel ( or is a
military rank of a
commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. The rank of Colonel is one of the oldest in existence, dating as far back to the time of the
Roman Empire.
In the modern age, a Colonel is usually a military title rated as the highest field rank below the
general grades.
Ancient uses of the word
colonel date back to Roman regiments, where a colonel was the officer in charge of a column of soldiers. The term then reappeared in the Middle Ages, as a nobleman in command of a large number of soldiers, forming early units similar to battalions and regiments. The head colonel of the battlefield would usually become the
Colonel General, and command all other colonels and their troops.
The modern usage of the word
colonel began in the late sixteenth century, when companies were first formed into larger regiments or columns (
colonne in Italian) under the leadership of a
colonnello. (In modern English, the word is pronounced similarly to
kernel as a result of having entered the language from Middle French in two competing forms,
coronel and
colonel. The more etymological
colonel was favored in literary works and eventually became the standard spelling despite losing the pronunciation war to the
dissimilated coronel.)
After the shift from primarily mercenary to national armies, but prior to the professionalization of the armed services of European nations subsequent to the
French revolution, a Colonel became a nobleman who purchased the right to head a regiment from the previous holder of that right. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his
lieutenant, literally
lieutenant colonel. The funding to provide for the troops came from the monarch or his government; the Colonel had to be responsible for it. If he were not, or were otherwise court-martialed, he was dismissed ("cashiered"), and the monarch would receive money from another nobleman to command the regiment. Otherwise, the only pension for the Colonel was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire.
In England, supporters of the practice said that the country had been ill-served by the professional army created by Cromwell (ultimately Charles I was executed) and that the country could only be "safe" from the army if it was officered by men "with a stake in the country", that is, men who could afford to purchase a commission.
By the time of the late
19th century, Colonel was a professional military rank and typically held by an officer in command of a
regiment. As European military influence expanded throughout the world, the rank of Colonel became adopted by nearly every nation in existence under a variety of names.
With the rise of
Communism, some of the large Communist militaries saw fit to expand the Colonel rank into several grades, resulting in the unique
Senior Colonel rank which was found in countries such as the
Soviet Union and is still used in such nations as
China and
North Korea.
People who successfully complete a course of study at an accredited auction school such as Missouri Auction School or World Wide College of Auctioneering among others are given the title of Colonel. Auctioneers who are auction school graduates have traditionally been referred to as Colonel because at the end of the Civil War, the Colonel of the winning army was called upon to auction off the "spoils of warfare". Many articles pertaining to auctioneers place the abbreviation Col. ahead of their name.
The following articles deal with the rank of Colonel as it is used in various national militaries.
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Colonel (
Canada)
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Colonel (
United Kingdom)
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Colonel (
United States)
*
Coronel (
Spain)
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Kolonel (
Netherlands)
Since the
16th century, the rank of reginmental commander was adopted by several Central and
Eastern European armies, most notably the forces of
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,
Cossacks and then
Muscovy. The exact name of the rank maintains a variety of spellings, all descendant from the
Old Slavonic word
plk or
polk meaning
standing army (see
The Tale of Igor's Campaign), and include the following:
*
Plukovník (
Czech Republic and
Slovakia)
*
Pulkownik (
Poland)
*
Polkovnik (
Russia,
Slovenia,
Bulgaria)
*
Polkovnyk (
Ukraine)
*
Oberst (
Germany, other German-speaking countries and most Nordic countries)
*
Sangchwa (
North Korea)
*
Syntagmatarhis (
Greece)
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Taeryong (
South Korea)
*
Standartenführer (was a separate
SS-rank in
Nazi Germany, was not used in the
Wehrmacht)
*
Comparative military ranksKeegan, John; & Wheatcroft, Andrew (1996). Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day. London: Routledge.
