Dahomey Amazons
The
Dahomey Amazons were a
Fon all-female military regiment of the Kingdom of
Dahomey (now
Benin) which lasted until end of the
19th century. They were so named by Western observers and historians due to their similarity to the semi-mythical
Amazons of
Ancient Greece.
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Dahomey Amazons in around 1890 |
King
Houegbadja (who ruled from 1645 to 1685), the third King of Dahomey, is said to have originally started the group which would become the Amazons as a corps of royal bodyguards after building a new palace at
Abomey. Houegbadja's son King
Agadja (ruling from 1708 to 1732) developed these bodyguards into a militia and successfully used them in Dahomey's defeat of the neighbouring kingdom of
Savi in 1727. European merchants recorded their presence, as well as similar female warriors amongst the
Ashanti. For the next hundred years or so, they gained reputation as fearless warriors. Though they fought rarely, they usually acquitted themselves well in battle. From the time of King
Ghezo (ruling from 1818 to 1858), Dahomey became increasingly militaristic. Ghezo placed great importance on the army and increased its budget and formalized its structures. The Amazons were rigorously trained, given uniforms, and equipped with Danish guns (obtained via the slave trade). By this time the Amazons consisted of between 4000 and 6000 women, about a third of the entire Dahomey army.
European encroachment into west Africa gained pace during the latter half of the 19th century, and in 1890 the Dahomey King
Behanzin started fighting French forces (mainly made up of
Yoruba, who the Dahomeans had been fighting for centuries). The French, bolstered by the
Foreign Legion, were armed with superior weaponry, including machine guns, and casualties were ten times worse on the Dahomey side. After several battles, the French prevailed. The Legionaires later wrote about the "incredible courage and audacity" of the Amazons.
The last surviving Amazon died in 1979.
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The uniform and armaments of the Amazons |
Members could enroll voluntarily, or were involuntarily enrolled if their husbands complained to the King about their behaviour. Membership of the Amazons was supposed to hone any aggressive character traits for the purpose of war. During their membership they were not allowed to have children or be part of married life. Many of the Amazons were virgins. The regiment had a semi-sacred status, which was intertwined with the
Fon belief in
Vodun.
The Amazons were trained in a way reminiscent of
Sparta, toughening themselves up with intense physical exercise and overcoming pain. Discipline was emphasised. In the latter period, the Amazons were armed with Winchester rifles, clubs and knives. Units were under female command. Captives were often decapitated.
Dahomey Amazons were represented in the 1987 film
Cobra Verde by
German director
Werner Herzog. Although the location was intended to be
Ouidah, the film was actually shot in
Ghana.
Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey Stanley B. Alpern, New York University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-81470-678-9
Women Warlords: An Illustrated Military History of Female Warriors Tim Newark and Angus McBride, Blandford Press
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Article about the Dahomey Amazons from the official page of the Abomey Historical Museum
