Decimal separator
The
decimal separator is a
symbol used to mark the boundary between the
integral and the
fractional parts of a
decimal numeral.
In the
Middle Ages, before printing, a
bar over the
units digit was used to separate the integral part of a number from its fractional part. However, its regular usage and classification is attributed to , a
Persian scientist. Later, a separator (a short, roughly vertical,
ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm. When this character was
typeset, it was convenient to use the existing
comma or
period instead.
In
France, the period was already in use in printing to make
Roman numerals more readable, so the comma was chosen. Many other countries also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position. It has been made standard by the
ISO for international blueprints.
However,
English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits. In the
U.S., the period (
.), which is called a "stop" or "
full stop" in some other countries, was used as the standard decimal separator. In the nations of the
British Empire, although the period could be used in typewritten material, the point (
middle dot:
·), which can also be called an
interpunct, was preferred for the decimal separator in technologies that could accommodate it. This had the advantage of reducing confusion in the countries that used the period to separate groups of digits and it was generally clearer in handwriting (pariticularlly when writing on a dotted baseline as on many forms). However, as the middle dot was already in common use in the
mathematics world to indicate
multiplication, the
SI rejected this use of the middle dot as the decimal separator. However, the use of the period as decimal point was not banned. British
aviation magazines thus switched to the US form in the late twentieth century. When
South Africa adopted the
metric system, it adopted the comma as its decimal separator.
For further details, see Comma countries below.In the
Arab world and
Iran, where
Arabic digits are used for writing numbers, a different character called
momayyez is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of numbers. To separate
sequences of three digits, a comma or
blank space may be used; however, this is not a standard. In
Persian, there is a small difference between the "comma" character used in sentences and the comma-like character used to separate sequences of three digits.
The separator in non-decimal
numeral systems may be referred to as a
radix point.
The following is ordered chronologically, by when each country adopted the use:
* In
France, the
Netherlands, and much of
Latin Europe: 1 234 567,89
* In
Germany,
Belgium,
Italy,
Romania and much of Europe: 1 234 567,89 or 1
.234
.567,89 (in
handwriting you may also come across 1
·234
·567,89)
* In
Switzerland (mainly German-speaking Switzerland): 1'234'567,89
* In the
United Kingdom,
United States,
Japan, and
Mexico: 1,234,567
.89 or 1,234,567
·89; the latter is more commonly found in older, and especially
handwritten, documents nowadays; many
UK schools now teach the
SI style, which has become official in
Australia.
*
SI style: 1 234 567
.89 (dot countries) or 1 234 567
,89 (comma countries)
* In
China, the comma is sometimes used to separate
blocks of four digits: 123,4567.89, since in
Chinese, there is a word for 10,000 (the next new word is for 10
8, not 10
6 as in most languages).
* In
India, due to a numeral system using
lakhs (100,000) and
crores (10,000,000), an asymmetric distribution of comma separators is often used, for example, 30 million (3 crores) would be written as 3,00,00,000, with commas at the thousand, lakh, and crore levels.
In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the "international" notation and under the influence of e.g.
electronic calculators using the decimal point.
Computer programs can usually be adapted to use the local separator, but even on the same computer it is not uncommon that some programs use commas and some use points.
Note: notations like "12,345", "12.345", "12,345.678", and "12.345,678" are
ambiguous by a
factor 1000 if the notational system is not known.
Countries where a dot is used to mark the radix point include::
Australia,
Botswana,
Canada (English-speaking),
China,
Dominican Republic,
El Salvador,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Hong Kong of the
People's Republic of China,
India,
Ireland,
Israel,
Japan,
Korea (both North and South),
Malaysia,
Mexico,
Nicaragua,
Nigeria,
New Zealand,
Pakistan,
Panama,
Philippines,
Perú,
Singapore,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
United Kingdom,
United States (including
insular areas)
Countries where a comma is used to mark the radix point include::
Albania,
Andorra,
Argentina,
Austria,
Azerbaijan,
Belarus,
Belgium,
Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Brazil,
Bulgaria,
Cameroon,
Canada (French-speaking),
Costa Rica,
Croatia,
Cuba,
Chile,
Colombia,
Cyprus,
Czech Republic,
Denmark,
Ecuador,
Estonia,
Faroes,
Finland,
France,
Germany,
Greece,
Greenland,
Hungary,
Indonesia,
Iceland,
Italy,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Luxembourg (uses both separators officially),
Macedonia,
Moldova,
Netherlands,
Norway,
Paraguay,
Poland,
Portugal,
Romania,
Russia,
Serbia,
Slovakia,
Slovenia,
South Africa,
Spain,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
Turkey,
Ukraine,
Uruguay,
Venezuela,
ZimbabweBahrain,
Iran,
Iraq,
Kuwait,
Oman,
Qatar,
Saudi Arabia,
Syria,
UAE*
Algorism*
Radix point
