Delta Force
The
1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (
1st SFOD-D), commonly known as
Delta within the
U.S. Army or as
Delta Force by the general public and officially recognized by the Pentagon as the
Combat Applications Group, is a
Special Operations Force (SOF) and an element of the
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC).
The force's main task is
counter-terrorism, although it is extremely versatile. Delta Force is believed to conduct missions similar to those regularly attributed to the
British Special Air Service (SAS), after which it was modeled.
The Pentagon tightly controls information about Delta Force and publicly refuses to comment on the secretive unit. The unit took part in
Operation Eagle Claw, the failed attempt to rescue American hostages from the U.S. Embassy in
Tehran in
1980. The mission failed due to an overly complex plan, inadequate Special Operations Aviation training for the aircrews, a collision between a rescue helicopter and a re-fuelling tanker aircraft, and mechanical problems with the helicopters transporting the rescuers, caused by a severe sandstorm clogging the engine intakes and reducing visibility to nothing. After the debacle, the
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) was created to transport special forces personnel to and from Areas of Operation. [
1] [
2] (
PDFs)
Since the
1990s, the Army has posted recruitment notices for the 1st SFOD-D[
3][
4] [
5] (
PDF files), which many believe refers to Delta Force. The Army, however, has never released an official fact sheet for the force.
In
1999, writer
Mark Bowden published the book
Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War which chronicles the events that surrounded the
October 3, 1993 Battle of Mogadishu. The book, in a short brief, relates Delta Force's involvement in the operations that occurred before the events leading to the battle. The book was later turned into a
film by director
Ridley Scott in
2001.
According to the book
Inside Delta Force by CSM
Eric L. Haney (ret.), the smallest unit is a team, consisting of four to five members. Each team specializes in
HALO/HAHO,
SCUBA, or other skill groups. The next tier is the troop level, consisting of four to five teams. Finally, squadron level (there are four squadrons) consists of two troops (Assault and Sniper). Squadrons are broken down into troops and teams as needed to fit mission requirements.
Each individual member of Delta is known as an
operator such as in the
Australian SAS. This was to avoid confusion with the
CIA's term
operative.
In "Not A Good Day To Die: The Untold Story Of Operation Anaconda",
Army Times staff writer Sean Naylor describes Delta as having nearly 1,000 soldiers. Naylor wrote that only 250 of those are operators trained to conduct direct-action and reconnaissance missions. Those soldiers are divided into three squadronsâ€"A, B, and Câ€"with each squadron subdivided into three troops. Two are assault troops while a third troop specializes in reconnaissance and surveillance and is known as the "recce" troop. The remaining soldiers in Delta are highly trained specialists in mechanics, communications, intelligence and other support activities, and a headquarters staff. Naylor also wrote that Delta maintains an aviation squadron based somewhere else on the East Coast.
Most recruits come from the
United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets) and
75th Ranger Regiment, but recruits are also drawn from all branches of the Army, including the Army Reserve and Army National Guard.
Contrary to popular belief, Delta Force does not recruit its members solely from the Army. The truth, as reflected by a
Marine Corps bulletin,[
6] is that Delta Force recruits from all four U.S. armed services.
Their main compound, called the Security Operations Training Facility, stands in a remote area of
Fort Bragg, North Carolina and is thought to house less than 200 personnel. This is a testament to their rigorous training and very highest of standards, which is further demonstrated by a 7% percent success rate through selection and training. Reports of the compound mention numerous shooting facilities for
close-quarters battle, long-range
sniping and counter-sniping, a dive tank, an
Olympic size swimming pool, a huge climbing wall, and a mock-up of an
airliner.
One of several operations in which Delta Force operators are thought to have played important roles was the
invasion of
Iraq in
2003.[
7](
PDF file) They allegedly entered
Baghdad in advance, undercover with long hair and moustaches, along with
SEALs from
DEVGRU, guiding air strikes, building networks of informants while
eavesdropping on and sabotaging Iraqi communication lines.
The force was also involved in the
offensive against the
Taliban in
Afghanistan in
2002. [
8] Many observers strongly suspect that members of Delta Force made up one of two units involved in a raid on a residence belonging to
Mullah Omar. According to
the Pentagon, the level of resistance to that operation was minimal.
The Mullah was not present but some papers and computer disks were said to have been seized in the raid. Critics later alleged that the second unit was unnecessary, claiming that it was very large and uncoordinated. As a result, they say, the defenders were alerted early and the number of friendly casualties was in fact higher than reported. According to the book
Shadow Wars by
David Pugliese, Delta operators wanted a quiet insertion method which was denied as command opted for a combined Ranger assault.
Taliban fighters apparently ambushed the team when they were extracting and several Delta operators were severely wounded.
Delta Force operators are granted an enormous amount of flexibility and autonomy, as with their Navy counterpart, DEVGRU. They reportedly do not maintain any general uniformed presence and civilian clothing is the norm on or off duty while at Ft. Bragg. This is done to conceal the identities of these "secret soldiers". Uniforms are rarely worn, if at all, with any markings, names, or branch names on them. Hair styles and facial hair are allowed to grow to civilian standards in order for the force to be able to blend in and not be immediately recognized as military personnel.
This special status that sets the force apart from the "regular army" is depicted quite accurately in the book
Black Hawk Down by Mark Bowden, and the film of the same name. The Army Rangers in the media, elite by their own right, have the standard "
high and tight" haircuts, yet the Delta operators are seen to be sporting much longer styles with side burns, un-shaven faces, and non-military issue helmets (actually hockey helmets, more to protect from bumps and scrapes while entering buildings than against gunfire, as noted in the book) and boots.
According to
Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, Delta Force members are typically referred to by other personnel as "D-Boys", "Operators", "Rocks", or simply "Delta". The book also mentions that they hold little regard for rank within their force and refer to one another only by nicknames. Throughout the book Delta soldiers are recorded as expressing contempt for other, more regular US Army units, dismissing their training and combat performance. The Rangers on the other hand are throughout recorded as being in awe of the Delta soldiers, who were almost invariably older and with much greater skill and experience.
Delta's unconventional nature also allows its operators to carry highly customized weapons. Although their standard weapon of choice may be the
M4 carbine, they also use the SOPDMOD Special Operations Peculiar Modification) kit on the M4, and it is not unusual to find them carrying foreign weapon systems that are often used by the enemy in the Area of Operation (AO). This is to either help them "blend in" with the locals or to use the ammunition from slain enemy fighters.
Additionally, in his book
Killing Pablo,
Mark Bowden suggests that a Delta Force sniper may have assassinated Colombian drug lord
Pablo Escobar. There is no hard evidence of this though and credit is generally attributed to Colombian security forces.
*
Operation Eagle Claw:
Iran,
1980*
Operation Urgent Fury:
Grenada,
1983*
Operation Acid Gambit:
Panama,
1989*
Operation Just Cause:
Panama,
1989*
Operation Desert Shield:
Iraq,
1990*
Operation Desert Storm:
Iraq,
1991*
Operation Restore Hope:
Somalia,
1993**
Operation Gothic Serpent: the operation that led to the
Battle of Mogadishu*
Operation Enduring Freedom:
Afghanistan,
2001*
Operation Anaconda:
Afghanistan,
2002*
Operation Iraqi Freedom:
Iraq,
2003*
Colonel Charles Beckwith** Selected by President
Jimmy Carter to organise and form a highly specialized
counter-terrorism unit, known today as Delta Force. [
9]
*
Major Richard Meadows** Key role in establishing Delta Force. [
10]
*
General Peter J. Schoomaker [
11] [
12] [
13]
** 35th
Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Commander of
1st SFOD-D from 1989â€"1992.
*
Lieutenant General William G. Boykin**Commander of 1st SFOD-D from 1992â€"1995. Commanding Officer of the 1st SFOD-D unit at the
Battle of Mogadishu.
*
Master Sergeant Gary Gordon**
Medal of Honor,
KIA in the
October 3,
1993, during the
Battle of Mogadishu.
*
Sergeant First Class Randall Shughart**
Medal of Honor, KIA in the
October 3,
1993, during the
Battle of Mogadishu.
*
Eric L. Haney, Command Sergeant Major, US Army (ret) [
14]
** Self-proclaimed founding member of Delta Force who has sparked controversy in his post-Army career. Wrote the book
Inside Delta Force: The Story of America's Elite Counter-terrorist Unit, upon which the television series
The Unit is based [
15] (and self-referenced in show credits). Many of Haney's specific mission claims are
disputed by current and former SFOD members, though there is no dispute as to his having served in Delta Force during the time periods he describes.
*Sergeant First Class
Paul Howe**The real life version of Delta Force Sergeant First Class
Jeff Sanderson, played by
William Fichtner in the film
Black Hawk Down. Name changes were made in an attempt to keep the Delta Force operators anonymous.
*
U.S. Navy's DEVGRU,
*
U.S. special forces*
Joint Special Operations Command*
United States Special Operations Command*
Hostage Rescue Team of the
FBI# Schlosta, Matthew.
Delta Force recruiting special forces operators on post next week. Fort Huachuca, Arizona:
The Fort Huchuaca Scout. November 13, 2003.# Mountaineer.
SFOD-D seeking new members. Fort Carson, Colorado:
Mountaineer (publication). January 16, 2003.# McGregor, James.
Special mission recruiters look for elite to take up challenge. United States Marine Corps:
Okinawa Marines (newspaper). June 28, 2002.# Hasenauer, Heike.
A Special Kind of Hero. United States Army Publishing Agency:
Soldiers. November 1995. Volume 50, No 11.# Haney, Eric, former Delta Commando and founding member, 1979-1988,
Inside Delta Force# Naylor, Sean, staff writer Army Times, "Not A Good Day To Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda"# Robinson, Linda,
Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces# National Geographic Documentary:
Road to Baghdad# FOX TV Show,
24# Dan Brown's (author of
The Da Vinci Code) book,
Deception Point* http://www.defenselink.mil/ The official website of the United States Department of Defense, US Department of Defense, DoD
* http://www.army.mil/ US Army
* http://www.infantrymen.net/ Infantrymen.net, Military reference focusing on the infantry (The secondary-MOS that Delta falls under)
* http://www.goinfantry.com/ GoInfantry.Com, Military Grunts. An online military community
* http://www.specialoperations.com/Army/Delta_Force/default.html
* http://www.aei.org/events/filter.all,eventID.1030/transcript.asp Transcript of Sean Naylor's speech to American Enterprise Institute
