East Jerusalem
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Map of East Jerusalem. |
East Jerusalem is a disputed
Middle Eastern place name.
In an international context it usually refers to the part of the
West Bank that
Israel incorporated in the jurisdiction of the
Jerusalem municipality following the
Six-Day War in
1967. This definition refers to a
territory measuring 70
square kilometers in area. It consists of Jerusalem's
Old City and the adjacent Arab-Jerusalem
downtown, as well as surrounding countryside that is being
developed by dozens of significant
Israeli settlements and Palestinian villages integrating into the Jerusalem
metropolitan area.
The term may also refer to the part of
Jerusalem proper which was held by
Jordan from the
1948 Arab-Israeli War until the
Six-Day War in 1967. Further, "East Jerusalem" is sometimes used to refer specifically to the territory of the pre-1967 Jordanian municipality. Its size is 6 square kilometers and forms part of the area Israel annexed in 1967.
All existing definitions of East Jerusalem include the Jerusalem
Old City and some of the holiest sites in the
Jewish,
Muslim and
Christian religions, including the
Western Wall, the
Temple Mount/Noble Sanctuary (containing the
Dome of the Rock and the
Al-Aqsa Mosque), and the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Israeli law does not recognize a distinction between West and East Jerusalem. Therefore, some sources write "east Jerusalem" with a lower-case "e," or call it "eastern Jerusalem".
Mount Scopus, which was an Israeli
enclave during Jordanian rule, is not considered part of East Jerusalem.
No country has recognized Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem and the
United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 rejected it as a violation of international law. East Jerusalem also lies at the heart of the
Arab-Israeli conflict. The
Palestinian National Authority has insisted on East Jerusalem as the capital of the Palestinian state in final status negotiations [
1]. Israel has rejected this possibility, insisting that "united Jerusalem" will always be "one indivisible city under Israeli sovereignty" and "Israel's eternal capital" [
2]. Many Israelis are opposed to any division of Jerusalem, based on cultural, historic, and religious grounds, although there is increasing public discourse in Israel about reinstating as part of the
West Bank and the eventual Palestinian state, outlying Palestinian villages and neighborhoods which were not part of Jordanian East Jerusalem from 1949 until 1967 and were annexed by
Israel to
Jerusalem in 1967. In a recent poll, 49% of Israelis back Jerusalem division i.e. willing to cede parts of Jerusalem in the framework of peace deal with Palestinians [
3]
Most Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem (about 250,000) are not Israeli citizens, but hold legal permanent resident status to live and travel within Israel. According to 1988 Israeli Supreme court ruling, this status also makes them eligible for Israel Social Security benefits and state-provided health care. [
4]. However, Palestinians often complain that the status is lost following even temporary residence outside Israel proper or East Jerusalem and is not automatically conferred to children. They also claim that East Jerusalem has increasingly been cut off from the rest of the West Bank, which thereby has lost its main economic hub.
Jordanian Rule
According to the
1947 UN Partition Plan, Jerusalem was supposed to be an international city, not part of either the proposed Jewish or Arab state. During the
1948 Arab-Israeli War, West Jerusalem was captured by
Israel, while East Jerusalem (including the Old City) was captured by Jordan. Upon its capture, the Jordanians immediately expelled all the Jewish residents of the
Jewish Quarter, most of whom of families that had been living there for centuries. Many synagogues were
destroyed, and the Jewish Quarter was bulldozed. In 1950 East Jerusalem, along with the rest of the
West Bank, was annexed by Jordan. However, the annexation of the
West Bank was recognized only by the
United Kingdom, which did not recognize the annexation of East Jerusalem. East Jerusalem absorbed some of the refugees from West Jerusalem's Arab neighborhoods that came under Israeli rule.
During the period of Jordanian rule, East Jerusalem lost much of its importance, as it was no longer a capital, and losing its link to the coast diminished its role as a commercial hub. It even saw a population decrease, with merchants and administrators moving to
Amman. On the other hand, it maintained its religious importance, as well as its role as a regional center.
During the 1960s Jerusalem saw economic improvement and its
tourism industry developed significantly, and its holy sites attracted growing numbers of Christian and Muslim
pilgrims (Jews were not allowed access to their holy sites in the city). The
Kendall Town Scheme was commissioned by the Jordanian government in 1966 with the purpose of linking the city with the surrounding towns and villages, integrating them into a
metropolitan area. This plan was not implemented, as East Jerusalem came under Israeli rule the following year.
Israeli Rule
During the
Six-Day War of 1967 Israel captured the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and eventually annexed 6.4 km² of Jordanian Jerusalem and 64 km² of the nearby West Bank to the City of Jerusalem, including several villages and lands from neighboring villages.[
5] The annexation excluded many of East Jerusalem's suburbs and divided several villages.
Under Israel, members of all religions were largely granted access to their holy sites, with the Muslim
Waqf maintaining control of the Temple Mount and Muslim holy sites there. The old
Mughrabi Quarter (Morrocan) neighborhood in front of the Western Wall was demolished and replaced with a large open air plaza.
Following annexation, Israel conducted a census in the annexed territory and granted permanent Israeli residency to those present at the time of the census (those not present lost the right to reside in Jerusalem). They were permitted to apply for Israeli citizenship on condition they swore allegiance to Israel and renounce all other citizenships, which most of them refused to do. Those rejecting Israeli citizenship can still vote in municipal elections and play a role in the administration of the city.
In 1980 Israel enacted its "
Jerusalem Law" formally declaring East and West Jerusalem together, "whole and united" to be "the capital of Israel". In response the
UN Security Council unanimously adopted
Resolution 478 (the U.S. abstained), declaring the annexation to be a violation of international law. In 1988, Jordan, while rejecting Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem, withdrew all its claims to the West Bank (including Jerusalem). The
Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, signed
September 13,
1993, leaves open the final status of Jerusalem, though Israel did not cede sovereignty until final negotiations on the city's status.
With the stated purpose of preventing infiltration during the
Second Intifada, Israel has decided to surround East Jerusalem with a
separation barrier. The planned barrier would cut off East Jerusalem from the rest of the
West Bank. The separation barrier has raised much criticism, and the
Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that the alignment of sections of the barrier (including East Jerusalem sections) must be amended.
In the
January 25,
2006 Palestinian Legislative Elections, 6,300 East Jerusalem Arabs were registered and permitted to vote locally. All other residents had to travel to West Bank polling stations. Hamas won four seats and Fatah two, even though Hamas was barred by Israel from campaigning in the city. Fewer than 6,000 residents were permitted to vote locally in the prior 1996 elections.
The population of East Jerusalem is about 410,000, comprising 58% of Jerusalem's residents. Of these, 184,000 (45%) are Jews (comprising 38% of the 478,000 Jewish population of Jerusalem, west and east) and 226,000 (55%) are Arabs).
In 1990, there was still a majority of 150,000 Palestinians against 120,000 Jews in the eastern part of the city, the ratio has been reversed to the benefit of the latter. In 1993, East Jerusalem counted 155.000 Palestinians (non-Jews, as they are called by the Israelis) against 160.000 Israeli Jews. Some 250,000 Israelis live in West Jerusalem
*
Anwar Al-Khatib (
1948-
1950)
*
Aref al-Aref (
1950-
1951)
*
Hanna Atallah (
1951-
1952)
*
Omar Wa'ari (
1952-
1955)
*
Ruhi al-Khatib (
1957-
1967)
*
Amin al-Majaj (
1967-
1999; titular)
*
Legal status of East Jerusalem and its residents (from B'Tselem)
*
History of Jerusalem (from Jewish Virtual Library)]
*
Jordan to reject any Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem, King tells Arafat (from Jordanian Embassy in Washington)
*
Legal Status of East Jerusalem (from Israeli Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories)*
The Novel Catalyst for the Jerusalem Solution A website explaining why one school for the children of the Israeli and Palestinian governments might be the missing piece needed to achieve a lasting solution
*Bregman, Ahron (2002).
Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415287162
*
Positions on Jerusalem*
Alleged Palace of David site
