Epiglottis
The
epiglottis is a thin, lid-like flap of
cartilage tissue covered with a
mucous membrane, attached to the root of the
tongue, that guards the entrance of the
glottis, the opening between the
vocal cords. It is normally pointed upward, but when swallowing, solids or liquids stimulate sensors which fold down the epiglottis, and prevent food that should go into the
esophagus and
stomach from passing into the
trachea (windpipe). The epiglottis is one of three large cartilaginous structures that make up the
larynx (voice box).
In children, the epiglottis will occasionally become infected with
Haemophilus influenzae or
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Although easily treated, this condition is a medical emergency because without treatment the epiglottis may swell and block the trachea, causing
asphyxia and death. This condition has become rare in countries where
vaccination against
Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) is routine.
Epiglottis prolapse is caused when the epiglottis folds down to close off the airway during normal breathing. A floppy epiglottis or abnormally shaped epiglottis can occur in infants, children and adults, and result in breathing disturbances during the day or during sleep. A Study in 1998 showed epiglottis prolapse as the cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in more than 10% of cases. The condition is remedied by partial removal of the epiglottis using a laser or mechanical tools.
