Extended IPA
The
Extended IPA is an extension of the
International Phonetic Alphabet and was designed for
disordered speech. However, some of the symbols (especially diacritics, below) are occasionally used for transcribing normal speech as well.
The Extended IPA for
speech pathology has added additional bracket notations. Parentheses are used to indicate
mouthing (silent articulation), as in , a silent sign to hush; parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...). Double parentheses indicate obscured or unintelligible sound, as in ((2 syll.)), two audible but unidentifiable syllables. Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used to mark prosodic notation, such as {{IPA|[{
falsetto hɛlp
falsetto}]}}.
View a pdf file
here.
| | Velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate) |
| | Voiceless central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, (a lisp) |
| | Voiced central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, (a lisp) |
| | Bilabial percussive (smacking lips) |
| | Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth) |
| | Sublaminal lower alveolar click (sucking tongue) |
The last symbol may be used with the alveolar click for , a combined alveolar and sublaminal click or "cluck-click".
The letters and diacritics of the ExtIPAThe ExtIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as for pre-aspiration, for uvularization, or for a linguolabial sibilant, as well as adding some new ones. Some of the ExtIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of
Damin.
One modification is the use of subscript parentheses around the
phonation diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. For example, is a partially voiced [s], shows partial initial voicing, and partial final voicing; also is a partially devoiced [z], shows partial initial devoicing, and partial final devoicing. These conventions may be convenient for representing various
voice onset times.
Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed rather than placed directly under the segment to represent relative timing. For instance, is a
pre-voiced [z], a post-voiced [z], and is an [a] with a
creaky offglide.
Other ExtIPA diacritics are,
In addition to these symbols, a subscript < or > indicates that an articulation is laterally offset to the left or right.
Prosodic notation
The ExtIPA also makes use of Italian musical notation for the
tempo and
dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted on the insides of a {brace} notation that indicates that they are comments on the
prosody.
Pauses are indicated with periods or numbers inside parentheses.
| (.) | Short pause | (..) | Medium pause | (...) | Long pause | (1.2) | 1.2-second pause | | f | Loud speech
('forte') | [{f f}] | ff | Louder speech
('fortissimo') | [{ff ff}] |
| p | Quiet speech
('piano') | [{p p}] | pp | Quieter speech
('pianissimo') | [{pp pp}] |
| allegro | Fast speech | [{allegro allegro}] | lento | Slow speech | [{lento lento}] |
| crescendo, rallentando, and other musical terms may also be used. |
*
Speech pathology*
Onomatopoeia* Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; & Dickson, B. Craig. (1995). The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality.
Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet,
25 (2), 71-80.
* Duckworth, M.; Allen, G.; Hardcastle, W.; & Ball, M. J. (1990). Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech.
Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics,
4, 273-280.
