Fairbanks, Alaska

Fairbanks () is a Home Rule City in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2000 census, the population of the city was 30,224.The population of Fairbanks and vicinity is 82,840.[1]

Fairbanks is the largest city in the Interior region of Alaska, and second largest in the state. The nearby College is home to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the oldest college in Alaska.

History

Area west of Fairbanks, looking SW, showing University of Alaska Fairbanks and Fairbanks airport and Tanana River. Image taken before 1975.

Before Fairbanks was founded, Koyukon Athabaskans lived, fished, and hunted along the shores of the Tanana River for thousands of years. The Tanana and other rivers also served as trade routes with other Athabaskans and Inuit.

In the early 1900s, prospectors from the Klondike spread out into various parts of Alaska in search of gold. In 1901 a trader named E. T. Barnette chartered the riverboat Lavelle Young to transport a large load of merchandise to the gold fields near Tanacross. He was forced to disembark near the present site of First Avenue and Cushman Street on the Chena River because the Chena was too shallow to follow further upstream and the Tanana River was impassable. There Barnette established the trading post "Barnette's Cache." A year later, gold was discovered 16 (25 km) miles north of the post. This brought an Italian immigrant, Felix Pedro (born Felix Pedrone), to the Tanana Valley. Outfitters, in turn, sought to make money selling supplies to the prospectors. The town grew as prospectors made their way to the gold fields via the Chena steamboat landing. Barnette, initially unhappy to find himself far from the proven gold fields, nonetheless stayed put when Pedro came to camp to trade. Within a few years, Fairbanks became the largest city in Alaska (Anchorage is larger now).

In 1903, territorial judge James Wickersham moved his offices of the Third Judicial District from Eagle to Fairbanks. That November, Fairbanks was incorporated as a city and named after popular Indiana senator Charles W. Fairbanks, soon to become Vice President under Teddy Roosevelt from 1905â€"1909. With the addition of the court, government offices, a jail, a post office, and the Northern Commercial Company, Barnette was elected mayor and set about to create a first-rate town replete with telephone service, fire protection, sanitation ordinances, electric lights and steam heat. Barnette also founded the Washington-Alaska Bank. By 1910, the official population had grown to 3,541, although more than 6,000 miners lived and worked their claims on creeks north of town.

The construction of the Richardson Highway in 1911, the Alaska Railroad in 1923, and the use of riverboats along the Tanana River established Fairbanks as a commercial center for interior Alaska.

The Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines opened its doors in College, near Fairbanks, in 1917. The school grew quickly, and in 1935 became the University of Alaska. The University of Alaska system has since expanded to include other campuses and the original campus is now called University of Alaska Fairbanks.

During World War II two United States military bases, Ladd Field and Eielson Air Force Base, were constructed in the Fairbanks area (1938) to aid in sending aircraft and supplies to the USSR and the Russian-controlled Far East for the Lend-Lease program. During the Cold War Ladd Field became a U.S. Army base, Fort Wainwright. These bases brought additional jobs to the Fairbanks area and brought military personnel, some of whom stayed and became residents of the area after finishing their military service. Construction of the Alaska Highway in the 1940s combined to fuel growth and development. Many of the workers stayed at the Fairbanks Hotel, one of which was Paul E. Baker. The Fairbanks Hotel existed until its demolition in 2005.

Since its beginning, Fairbanks has been the commercial center for Interior Alaska. Fairbanks is now at the intersection of the Richardson Highway, the Alaska Railroad, the Steese Highway, the Elliott Highway and the George Parks Highway, completed in 1975. These connect it to Anchorage, Canada and the lower 48 states. The Dalton Highway, opened in 1974, connects Fairbanks to the industrial supply center of Deadhorse at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean. Fairbanks area has an international airport, two military airports and many private airstrips. Goods are transported to and from Fairbanks by truck, air, and rail.

Fairbanks was the construction hub for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in 1975-1977.

There is a park in Fairbanks, originally built for the Alaska Purchase Centennial Celebration in 1967, called Alaskaland (renamed pioneer park) which contains museums, the riverboat Nenana, and many old buildings moved there from around the Fairbanks area. The Palace Theatre and Saloon in the park gives a musical presentation of the history of Fairbanks.

Geography and climate

Geography

Fairbanks is located at 64.837780Â° North, -147.71639Â° West (Sec. 10, T001S, R001W, Fairbanks Meridian). Fairbanks is located in the Fairbanks Recording District.

Fairbanks is located in the heart of Alaska's Interior, on both shores of the Chena River, near its confluence with the Tanana River in the Tanana Valley. By air, Fairbanks is 45 minutes from Anchorage and 3 hours from Seattle. It lies 358 road miles north of Anchorage.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 84.6 kmÂ² (32.7 miÂ²). 82.5 kmÂ² (31.9 miÂ²) of it is land and 2.1 kmÂ² (0.8 miÂ²) of it (2.48%) is water.

Climate

Downtown Fairbanks from the Chena River.

The Interior, home of Fairbanks and Denali National Park, has some of the most extreme weather in the world with rapid temperature swings, thunderstorms with hail and lightning and snow in the summer. Winters are very long, lasting from late September to mid-April. They are very cold and dry, with temperatures sometimes dipping down to -65 Â°F (-51.1 Â°C). Usually the temperature is below zero, almost for entire months. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Fairbanks was -66 Â°F (-54.4 Â°C) on January 14, 1934. The average January low is -19 Â°F (-28.3 Â°C) and the average January high is -2 Â°F (-18.8 Â°C). Winter snowfall averages around 67.40 inches per year. During the winter months, if the temperature drops below -20 Â°F (-28.9 Â°C), ice fog can occur. The summers are usually very warm, with temperatures often reaching into the 80s Â°F and sometimes reaching into the 90s Â°F. The average July low is 53 Â°F (11.6 Â°C) and the average July high is 72 Â°F (22.2 Â°C). The highest temperature ever recorded in Fairbanks was 99 Â°F (37.2 Â°C) on July 28, 1919. Thunderstorms with hail and lightning can occur in summer. August and September can be rainy, and snow often starts falling in September. The average precipitation is 10.34 inches per year. Fairbanks is known for its lingering summer days. The sun is up for 21 hours and 49 minutes on the 21st of June with 24 hours of usable daylight. Conversly, the sun is up for 3 hours and 42 minutes on the 21st of December with 6 hours and 33 minutes of usable daylight. | colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: NWS Fairbanks

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Avg high Â°F	-2	7	24	41	59	70	72	66	55	32	11	2	36
Avg low temperature Â°F	-19	-14	-2	20	38	50	53	47	36	18	-6	-15	17
Rainfall in.	0.47	0.40	0.37	0.32	0.61	1.37	1.87	1.96	0.95	0.90	0.80	0.85	10.87
Snowfall in.	10.6	7.1	5.2	2.4	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.2	12.0	13.8	13.5	67.4

People and culture

Demographics

First monument to the first settlers in Fairbanks, Alaska

As of the census of 2000, there were 30,224 people, 11,075 households, and 7,187 families residing in the city. The population density was 366.3/kmÂ² (948.7/miÂ²). There were 12,357 housing units at an average density of 149.8/kmÂ² (387.9/miÂ²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.67% White, 11.15% Black or African American, 9.91% Native American, 2.72% Asian, 0.54% Pacific Islander, 2.45% from other races, and 6.57% from two or more races. 6.13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 11,075 households out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the city the population was spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 14.7% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 16.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,577, and the median income for a family was $46,785. Males had a median income of $30,539 versus $26,577 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,814. About 7.4% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.

Media

Fairbanks' leading newspaper is the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. [2] The local residents have nicknamed the paper the "News-Minus." A few other periodicals also serve Fairbanks and the Fairbanks North Star Borough: The Ester Republic, [3] the Northstar Weekly, the Sun Star [4], and recently the Anchorage Press. [5]

Fairbanks is also served by television and radio. Fairbanks major television affiliates are KATN (ABC)-(KIMO retransmission), KFXF (FOX/UPN), KUAC (PBS)-"AlaskaONE" with some KMXT-only programming, KTVF (NBC/UPN) and K13XD (CBS). UHF station KDMD-LP-(i)-Fairbanks.

Leading radio stations include AM Stations KFAR 660-talk radio, New Northwest Broadcasters, KCBF 820-ESPN Radio Network, New Northwest Broadcasters, KFBX 970-Clear Channel Communications and KJNP 1170-(registered in North Pole, Alaska). FM Stations KUAC 89.9-National Public Radio, KSUA 91.5-University of Alaska, Fairbanks, KXLR 95.9-classic rock, New Northwest Broadcasters, KYSC 96.9-soft rock, KWLF 98.1-"Wolf98", top 40, New Northwest Broadcasters, KJNP 100.3-(registered in North Pole, Alaska), KAKQ 101.1-"Magic", pop music, Clear Channel Communications, KIAK 102.5-country music, Clear Channel Communications, KUWL 103.9-"Kool FM", oldies, New Northwest Broadcasters, (registered in College, Alaska) and KKED 104.7-rock music, Clear Channel Communications.

After a conflict [6], in the summer of 2005, between management and some listeners of KUAC-FM, a group calling itself Fairbanks Open Radio [7] formed with the goal of founding a new public radio station that would encourage community involvement inits programming.

Facilities, utilities, schools, and health care

Fifteen circulating pump stations distribute treated water throughout the greater Fairbanks area. City water, sewer and electric systems are operated by a private company. The Chena power site has four steam turbines fueled by coal, and one oil-fueled generator.

Garbage collection services are provided in some areas of the city, although many Fairbanks residents must haul their own garbage to "transfer stations" where trash and garbage and picked up and take to the dump; Collected refuse is hauled to the Class 1 Borough landfill on South Cushman Street. Garbage services are funded by a tax that is paid by resident property owners regardless of whether or not they are eligible for garbage collection services in their area. Fort Wainwright operates its own landfill.

Electricity is provided by Golden Valley Electric Association.

There are 20 schools, attended by 10,119 students. There are both public school and private schools. Most private schools are run by religious organizations. (i.e., private Catholic schools.)

Local hospitals or health clinics include Fairbanks Memorial Hospital; Interior Community Health Center; Chief Andrew Isaac Health Center; Bassett Army Community Hospital/Fort Wainwright. The hospitals are qualified acute care facilities and State-certified Medevac services. Specialized Care: FNA Regional Center for Alcohol & Other Addictions. Long Term Care: Fairbanks Pioneers' Home; Denali Center. Fairbanks is classified as a small city. It is found in EMS Region 1C in the Interior Region. Emergency Services have highway, airport and floatplane access. Emergency service is provided by 911 telephone service, paid EMS service, volunteers, a health aide and the military. Auxiliary health care is provided by Fairbanks Fire Department; Airport Fire Department; University Fire Department; Chena Goldstream Fire & Rescue; Steese Area Volunteer Fire; Guardian Flight Critical-Care Air Ambulance; Warbelow's Air Ambulance; Fort Wainwright Fire/Emergency.

Economy and transportation

As the regional service and supply center for the Alaska Interior, Fairbanks offers a diverse economy, including city, borough, state, and federal government services; and transportation, communication, manufacturing, financial, and regional medical services. Tourism and mining also comprise a significant part of the economy. Including Eielson Air Force Base and Fort Wainwright personnel, over one third of the employment is in government services. The University of Alaska Fairbanks is also a major employer. Approximately 325,000 tourists visit Fairbanks each summer. The Fort Knox hardrock gold mine produces 1,200 ounces daily with 360 permanent year-round employees. 126 city residents hold commercial fishing permits.

Fairbanks is at the confluence of the Richardson Highway, George Parks Highway, Steese Highway, and Elliott Highway, connecting the Interior to Anchorage, Canada, and the lower 48 states. The Dalton Highway to Prudhoe Bay begins about 75 miles (about 120 km) north of town. Goods are transported to Fairbanks by truck, air, and the Alaska Railroad. Regularly scheduled jet flights are available at the state-owned Fairbanks International Airport. An 11,800 foot (3,597 meter) asphalt runway, heliport, and seaplane landing strip are available. A public seaplane base is also located on the Chena River. In addition, there are several privately owned airstrips and heliports in the vicinity.

Fairbanks was a major shipping center via waterway for the rest of the Interior, but in modern times water transportation is primarily recreational or used for subsistence hunting and fishing access.

Taxes:

*Sales: None
*Property: 20.777 mills (7.171 City/13.606 Borough areawide)
*Special: 5% Alcohol tax (City only); 16% Tobacco tax (8% City/8% Borough); 8% Accommodations tax (City only)