Howard Carter
For the American basketball player, see Howard Carter (basketball).For the Pentecostal Minister who taught the nine "gifts of the Holy Spirit", see Howard Carter (early Pentecostal evangelist).Howard Carter (
May 9,
1873 –
March 2,
1939) was an
English archaeologist and
Egyptologist. He is most famous as the discoverer of
KV62, the tomb of
Tutankhamun in the
Valley of the Kings,
Luxor,
Egypt.
Howard Carter was born in 1873 in
Brompton, Kensington,
London, the youngest son of 8 children. His father,
Samuel Carter, was an artist. His mother was Martha Joyce (Sands) Carter. Carter grew up in
Swaffham, in northern
Norfolk, and had no formal education. His father trained him in the fundamentals of drawing and
painting.
Carter began work in
1891, at the age of 18, copying inscriptions and paintings in
Egypt. He worked on the excavation of
Beni Hasan, the gravesite of the princes of
Middle Egypt, c.
2000 BC. Later he came under the tutelage of
William Flinders Petrie.
He is also famous for finding the remains of Queen
Hatshepsut's tomb in
Deir el-Bahri. In
1899, at the age of 25, Carter was offered a position working for the
Egyptian Antiquities Service, from which he resigned as a result of a dispute between Egyptian site guards and a group of drunken French tourists in
1905.
After several hard years, Carter was introduced, in
1907, to
Lord Carnarvon, an eager amateur who was prepared to supply the funds necessary for Carter's work to continue. Soon, Carter was supervising all of Lord Carnarvon's
excavations.
Lord Carnarvon financed Carter's search for the tomb of a previously unknown
Pharaoh,
Tutankhamun, whose existence Carter had discovered. After a few months of fruitless searching, Carnarvon was becoming dissatisfied with the lack of return from his investment and, in 1922, he gave Carter one more season of funding to find the tomb.
On
November 4,
1922 Carter found the steps leading to Tutankhamen's tomb (subsequently
designated KV62), by far the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the
Valley of the Kings. He wired Lord Carnarvon to come, and on
November 26,
1922, with Lord Carnarvon, Carnarvon's daughter, and others in attendance, Carter made the famous "tiny breach in the top left hand corner" of the doorway, and was able to peer in by the light of a candle and see that many of the gold and ebony treasures were still in place. He did not yet know at that point whether it was "a tomb or merely a cache," but he did see a promising sealed doorway between two sentinel statues.
The next several weeks were spent carefully cataloguing the contents of the antechamber. On
February 16,
1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the
sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.
While unwrapping the linens of the mummy, presumably looking for treasure, the skull of the ancient king fell away from the body. The impact from its fall out of the tomb made a dent in the skull. Ancient Egyptians believed a king could only be immortal if the body rested undisturbed, so some believe the name of the king must still be spoken today as a remembrance.
After cataloguing the extensive finds, Carter retired from archaeology and became a collector. He visited the
United States in
1924, and gave a series of illustrated lectures in
New York City which were attended by very large and enthusiastic audiences. He died in
England in
1939 at the age of 65. The archaeologist's death at this advanced age despite being the driving force behind the opening of Tutankhamun's tomb is the most common piece of evidence put forward by skeptics to refute the idea of a curse (the "
Curse of the Pharaohs") plaguing the party that violated Tutankhamun's tomb.
Howard Carter is buried in
Putney Vale Cemetery in West London.
His brother
William Carter, (1863-1939) was an artist.
|
Carter's house in the Theban Necropolis |
Howard Carter has been represented in a number of films, television programmes, etc.
*
Egypt - a 2005
BBC One television series which featured the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Carter in the first two 60 minute episodes.
*In Search of the Pharaohs - a 30-minute
cantata for narrator, junior choir and piano by composer
Robert Steadman, commissioned by the
City of London Freemen's School which uses extracts from Carter's diaries as its text.
*A paraphrased extract from Howard Carter's diary of
November 26 1922 is used as the
plaintext for Part 3 of the encrypted
Kryptos sculpture at
CIA Headquarters in
Langley,
Virginia.
*Carter was the loose inspiration for the alter ego of the comic book superhero
Hawkman—"Carter Hall," an archaeologist digging in Egypt, introduced in
Flash Comics #1 (1940).
*Carter is a recurring character in the
Amelia Peabody series of mystery novels by
Elizabeth Peters; the discovery of Tutankhamon's tomb is fictionalized in Peters'
Tomb of the Golden Bird.
*In the game
Wheels of Salvation, an
adventure game hosted on
Miniclip.com, the player controls an Indiana Jones-like character named Dr. Carter.
*T.G.H James,
Howard Carter – The Path to Tutankhamun, London: Tauris Parke, 2001.
*Reeves, N. and Taylor, J.H.,
Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun, London: British Museum Press, 1992.
*The History Of Howard Carter By Dr. Thomas Schwarz
*
The Search for Tutankhamun – from the
Griffith Institute website, Howard Carter's records of the five seasons of excavations, financed by Lord Carnarvon, in the Valley of the Kings 1915–1922.
*
Tutankhamun – The Anatomy of an Excavation*
Grave of Howard Carter*
Transcripts of Howard Carter's excavation diaries
