Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
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Library of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in 1932 |
The
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early private
sexology research institute in
Germany from
1919 to
1933. The name is variously translated as
Institute of Sex Research,
Institute for Sexology or
Institute for the Science of Sexuality. The infamous
Nazi book-burnings (
Bücherverbrennung) in
Berlin included the archives of the Institute.
The Institute was a non-profit foundation situated in the
Tiergarten in
Berlin In den Zelten and headed by
Jewish doctor
Magnus Hirschfeld (
1868-
1935). Since
1897 he had run the
Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee), which campaigned on conservative and rational grounds for
gay legal reform and tolerance. The Committee published the long-running journal
Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Hirschfeld was also a researcher; he collected questionnaires from 10,000 people, informing his book
Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (
1914). He built a unique library on same-sex love and eroticism.
The
Institute of Sex Research was opened in
1919 by Hirschfeld and his collaborator
Arthur Kronfeld, a once famous psychotherapist and later professor at the
Charité. As well as being a research library and housing a large archive, the Institute also included medical, psychological, and ethnological divisions, and a marriage and sex counseling office. The Institute was visited by around 20,000 people each year, and conducted around 1,800 consultations. Poorer visitors were treated for free. In addition, the institute advocated
sex education,
contraception, the treatment of
sexually-transmitted diseases, and
women's emancipation, and was a pioneer worldwide in the call for civil rights and social acceptance for homosexual and
transgender people.
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Hedwig W. (left) was a transgendered friend of Magnus Hirshfeld, and lived for two years in Berlin under the name Herbert. This photo is from Hirschfeld's Sexual Intermediates (1922). |
Magnus Hirschfeld coined the term
transsexualism, identifying the clinical category which his colleague
Harry Benjamin would later develop in the U.S. Transgender people were on the staff of the Institute, as well as among the clients there. Various endocrinologic and surgical services were offered, including the first modern "sex-change" operations in the 1930s. Hirschfeld also worked with Berlin's police department to curtail the arrest of cross-dressed individuals on suspicion of prostitution, until the rise of Nazism forced him to flee Germany.
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Students organized by the Nazi party parade in front of the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin on May 6, 1933 prior to pillaging it and confiscating its books and photos for burning. |
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On May 10, 1933, Nazis in Berlin burned works of Jewish authors, and the library of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, and other works considered "un-German". |
In late February
1933, as the moderating influence of
Ernst Röhm weakened, the
Nazi Party launched its purge of homosexual (gay, lesbian, and bisexual; then known as
homophile) clubs in Berlin, outlawed sex publications, and banned organised
gay groups. As a consequence, many fled Germany (e.g.
Erika Mann). In March 1933 the Institute's main administrator,
Kurt Hiller, was sent to a
concentration camp.
On 6th May 1933, while Hirschfeld was on a lecture-tour of the
U.S., the Deutsche Studentenschaft made an organised attack on the Institute of Sex Research. A few days later the Institute's library and archives were publicly hauled out and burned in the streets of the
Opernplatz. Around 20,000 books and journals, and 5,000 images, were destroyed. Also seized were the Institute's extensive lists of names & addresses. In the midst of the burning
Joseph Goebbels gave a political speech to a crowd of around 40,000 people. The leaders of the Deutsche Studentenschaft also proclaimed their own
Feuersprüche ('fire decrees against the un-German spirit'). Books by Jewish writers or with an anti-war theme (e.g. those by
Erich Maria Remarque) from local public libraries and the
Humboldt University were also burned.
There were many other small book-burnings organised around Germany on the same night; including at
Munich's Konigplatz. By the 22nd May book-burnings had happened in
Heidelberg,
Frankfurt,
Göttingen,
Cologne,
Hamburg,
Dortmund,
Halle,
Nuremberg,
Würzburg,
Hannover,
Münster,
Königsberg,
Koblenz, and
Salzburg - and the
Gestapo were confiscating public and private libraries to be destroyed in
paper mills.
The buildings were later taken over by the Nazis for their own purposes. They were a bombing ruin by
1944, and were demolished sometime in the mid
1950s. Hirschfeld tried, in vain, to re-establish his Institute in Paris, but he died in France in
1935.
While many fled into exile, the radical activist
Adolf Brand made a brave stand in Germany for five months after the book burnings. Finally the persecution became too much, and in November
1933 he was forced to announce the formal end of the organised homosexual emancipation movement in Germany. On
June 28 1934 Hitler conducted a
murderous purge of gay men in the ranks of the
S.A. wing of the Nazis, and this was followed by stricter laws on homosexuality and the round-up of homosexuals. It is hard to imagine that the address lists seized from the Institute did not aid Hitler in these actions. Many tens of thousands of arrestees found themselves, ultimately, in slave-labour or death camps. Others, such as
John Henry Mackay, committed suicide.
One of the books known to have been burned on the Opernplatz was the works of the
Jewish poet
Heinrich Heine; one of his most famous lines is now: "Where they burn books, they will, in the end, burn human beings too" (1822).
The charter of the institute had specified that in the event of dissolution, any assets of the Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld Foundation (which had sponsored the Insitute since 1924) are to be donated to the
Humboldt University of Berlin. Hirschfeld also wrote a personal will while in exile in Paris, leaving any remaining assets to his students and heirs
Karl Giese and
Li Shiu Tong (Tao Li) for the continuation of his work. However, neither stipulation was carried out. The West German courts found that the foundation's dissolution and the seizure of property by the Nazis in 1934 was legal. The West German legislature also retained the Nazi amendents to anti-homosexual law
§175a, making it impossible for surviving homosexuals to claim restitution for the destroyed cultural center.
Karl Giese committed suicide in 1938 when the Germans invaded Czechoslovakia and his heir, lawyer Karl Fein, was murdered in 1942 during deportation. Li Shiu Tong lived in Switzerland and the United States until 1956, but as far as is known, he did not attempt to continue Hirschfeld's work. Some remaining fragments of data from the library were later collected by
W. Dorr Legg and
ONE, Inc. in the U.S. in the 1950s.
*Ekins R., King D. (2001)
Pioneers of Transgendering: The Popular Sexology of David O. Cauldwell. IJT 5,2 (
text online)
*
History of gays in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust* John Lauritsen and
David Thorstad.
The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864-1935. (Second Edition revised)
* Günter Grau (ed.).
Hidden Holocaust? Gay and lesbian persecution in Germany 1933-45. (1995).
* Charlotte Wolff.
Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology. (1986).
* James D. Steakley.
The Early Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany. (1975).
* James D. Steakley. "Anniversary of a Book Burning".
The Advocate (Los Angeles), 9 June 1983. Pages 18-19, 57.
* Mark Blasius & Shane Phelan. (Eds.)
We Are Everywhere: A Historical Source Book of Gay and Lesbian Politics (See the chapter: "The Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Political Culture in Germany" by James D. Steakley).
* Harry Oosterhuis. (Ed.)
Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement, and Male Bonding Before Hitler's Rise: Original Transcripts from Der Eigene, the First Gay Journal in the World. (1991).
* Leonidas Hill. "The Nazi Attack on 'Un-German' Literature, 1933-1945" IN:
The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation (2001). (Places the book-burning in the wider context of publishing & censorship in pre-Nazi Germany.)
*
Rosa von Praunheim (Dir.)
The Einstein of Sex (Germany, 2001). (About
Magnus Hirschfeld - English subtitled version available).
*
Online exhibition of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society - warning, complex
JavaScript and pop-up windows.
*
Documentation in the Archive for Sexology, Berlin*
Photo, likely to be taken during the burning of the Institute's archives and library*
When Books Burn - University of Arizona multimedia exhibit.
