Keyboard instrument
"Keyboards" redirects here. For other uses of the word, see Keyboard. |
Piano, a well-known instance of keyboard instruments |
A
keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a
musical keyboard. The most common of these is the
piano, which is used in nearly all forms of
western music. Other widely used keyboard instruments include various types of
organs as well as other mechanical, electromechanical and
electronic instruments. In common language, it is mostly used to refer to keyboard-style
synthesizers.
Among the earliest keyboard instruments are the organ, the
clavichord, and the
harpsichord. The organ is doubtless the oldest of these, appearing in the 3rd century BC, although this early instrumentdid not use a keyboard in the modern sense. From its invention until the 14th century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ didn't feature a keyboard at all, rather buttons or large levers which were operated by a whole hand. Almost every keyboard until the 15th century had 7 naturals to each octave.
The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century, the clavichord probably being the earliest. During their development, a B-flat key was added to the keyboard in order to remedy the
tritone between F and B, and the other semitones were added later. The harpsichord and the clavichord were both very common until the widespread adoption of the
piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary because a
pianist could vary the volume (or dynamics) of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The piano's full name is "gravicèmbalo con piano e forte" meaning "harpsichord with soft and loud" but can be shortened to "piano-forte", which means "soft-loud" in
Italian.
Keyboard instruments were further developed in the 20th century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the
Ondes Martenot appeared in the early in the century.
The earliest fully electronic keyboard instruments were
electronic organs that used
oscillators and frequency dividers, together with a network of filters, to produce
waveforms.
Much effort went into finding an instrument which sounded like the piano but lacked its size and weight. The
electric piano and
electronic piano were early efforts that, while being useful instruments in their own right, were not successful in convincingly reproducing the
timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period.
Significant development of the
synthesizer occurred in the 1960s and has continued ever since. The most notable early synthesizer is the
Moog synthesizer, which used
analog circuitry. In time, digital synthesis became common.
Tape replay keyboards were invented in the 1940s and saw popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. The most well known example is the
Mellotron. These instruments became obsolete with the invention of
samplers, which replay
samples at any pitch.
*
Clavichord*
Electric piano**
Clavinet**
Pianet**
Rhodes piano**
Wurlitzer electric piano*
Harpsichord*
Piano*
Tangent piano*
Viola organista*
Accordion*
Concertina*
Harmonium*
Melodeon*
Organ**
Pipe organ**
Reed organ*
Carillon*
Celesta *
Glasschord*
Pianet*
Toy piano*
Chamberlin*
Continuum*
Digital piano*
Electronic piano*
Electronic organ**
Hammond organ**
Farfisa*
Music workstation*
Ondes Martenot*
Synthesizer**
Moog synthesizer*
Sampler (musical instrument)
