Kuge
The
kuge (公家) was a
Japanese
aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese imperial court in
Kyoto until the rise of the
Shogunate in the
12th century at which point it was eclipsed by the
daimyo. The kuge still provided a weak court around the
Emperor right up until the
Meiji Restoration.
The word means literally "public house" or "public family" and originally described the Emperor and his court. The meaning of the word changed over time to designate
bureaucrats at the court. Later, in the
Kamakura period,
kuge became an antonym to
buke (warriors' house), that is, samurai who swore loyalty to the Shogunate. At this point,
kuge began to be used to describe those who worked in the Court; both aristocratic noblemen and commoners.
Two classes formed the kuge: the
dōjō (堂上) noblemen who sat on the floor with the Emperor and the
jige (地下) who where unable to sit with the Emperor. Although kuge included those two classes, mainly this word described the Dōjō, the noblemen.
The highest offices at the court were called
Kugyō (公卿) and eligibility was limited to members of dōjō kuge. During Edo period there were about 130 families of dōjō kuge. The highest members of the kuge class were known as
Sesshō or Kanpaku, acting as imperial
regents; this was restricted to members of the
Fujiwara family.
Though they lost the most of their political power, they sustained the court culture and maintained a cultural influence. In particular, after the
Sengoku period they lost most of their financial basis and were no longer in a position to act as patrons of culture. But they passed on their knowledge as masters of particular fields such as writing
waka and playing instruments like the
biwa, and had disciples among the
daimyo and sometimes rich commoners. As masters of a certain field, kuge gave their disciples many licences certifying that the disciples had learned a certain field and allowed them to do practice in public or sometimes to teach others. Disciples were expected to pay their master a fee for each issued licence. During the Edo period, this was an important source of income for the kuge.
In
1869 during the
Meiji restoration the kuge merged with the daimyo to form a single aristocratic group, the
kazoku.
Others associated with the kuge included
Buddhist priests, Kyoto cultural patrons,
geisha, and
actors.
In the 12th century among dōjō conventional differences were established separating the kuge into groups according to their office at court. These determined the highest office to which they could be appointed.The groups were:
*Sekke: could be appointed to
Sessho and Kampaku: Highest class of kuge. Only five familes belonged to this class, all derived from
Fujiwara no Michinaga.
*Seigake: could be appointed
daijin (minister), including
dajō daijin, the highest of the four
daijin of the court. They derived from the Fujiwara clan or
Minamoto clan, descendants of the emperors.
*Daijinke: could be appointed
nai daijin, if this office became vacant. In reality, the highest office they could achieve was
dainagon.
*Urinke: military class; could be appointed
dainagon. Rarely to
naidaijin.
*Meika: civilian class; could be appointed
dainagon. Sometimes referred to as Meike.
*Hanka: the lowest class among the dōjō, a class created in the late
Sengoku period. They could only be appointed to lower ranks than
sangi or
chūnagon. Sometimes referred to as Hanke.
Most of highest classed kuge belonged to the Fujiwara clan and Minamoto clan. But there were still other clans like the
Sugarawa clan, the
Kiyohara clan and the
Oe clan. Most of these lower class kuge were descendants of ancient clans who had lost power in the early Heian period.
*
List of Kuge families
