Load balancer
Load balancing, performed by a
load balancer, is a service performed by a
computer or a
content switch that assigns work loads to a set of
servers in order to optimally use computing resources.
A load balancer can be used to increase the capacity of a
server farm beyond that of a single
server. It can also allow the service to continue even in the face of server down time due to server failure or server maintenance.
A load balancer consists of a virtual server (also referred to as vserver or
VIP) which, in turn, consists of an
IP address and
port. This
virtual server is bound to a number of physical services running on the physical servers in a server farm. These physical services contain the physical server's IP address and port. A client sends a request to the virtual server, which in turn selects a physical server in the server farm and directs this request to the selected physical server.
Different virtual servers can be configured for different sets of physical services, such as
TCP and
UDP services in general.
Protocol- or application-specific virtual servers that may be supported include
HTTP,
FTP,
SSL, SSL BRIDGE, SSL TCP,
NNTP and
DNS.
The load balancing methods manage the selection of an appropriate physical server in a server farm.
Persistence can be configured on a virtual server; once a server is selected, subsequent requests from the client are directed to the same server. Persistence is necessary in applications where
state is maintained on the server, such as a shopping cart application.
Load balancers also perform server monitoring of services in a
web server farm. In case of failure of a service, the load balancer continues to perform load balancing across the remaining services that are UP. In case of failure of all the servers bound to a virtual server, requests may be sent to a backup virtual server (if configured) or optionally redirected to a configured URL. For example, a page on a local or remote server whichprovides information on the site maintenance or outage.
Among the server types that may be load balanced are:
*
Server farms
*
Caches
*
Firewalls
*
Intrusion detection systems
*
SSL offload or compression appliances
In
Global Server Load Balancing (GSLB) the load balancer distributes load to a geographically distributed set of server farms based on health, server load|load or proximity.
When a load balancer initially selects a specific physical server and directs a
client request to this physical server, then for some applications all subsequent requests for the same client may need to be sent to the same physical server to access state information for that client.
Common persistence types
* Source IP
*
cookie insert
*
SSL session ID
* URL passive
* Custom server ID
* Rule
* Destination IP
* Source and destination IP
* Least connection
* Least Bandwidth
Server
monitoring checks the state of a server by periodic probing of the specified destination. Based on the response, it takes appropriate action. Monitors - also known as keep-alives - specify the types of request sent to the server and the expected response from the server. The load balancing system sends periodic requests to the server. The response from the servers must be received not later than configured response timeout. If the configured number of probes fail, the server is marked "DOWN" and the next probe is sent after the configured down time. The destination of the probe may be different from the server's IP address and port. A load balancer may support multiple monitors. When a service is bound to multiple monitors, the status of the service is arrived based on the results sent by all monitors.
Common monitor types
*
Ping*
TCP connection
*
Application,
e.g.,
query and expected response check
