Looting
Looting (which derives via the
Hindi lut from
Sanskrit lunt, to rob),
sacking, or
plundering is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during
war [
1],
natural disaster [
2],
rioting [
3], or
terrorist attack [
4].
The term originally referred primarily to the plundering of villages and cities not only by victorious troops during warfare, but also by civilian members of the community (for example, see
War and Peace [
5], which describes widespread looting by
Moscow's citizens before
Napoleon's troops enter the town, and looting by French troops elsewhere; also note the looting of art treasures by the Nazis during WWII [
6]).
Piracy is form of looting organized by ships on the high seas outside the control of a sovereign government.
The inability of the authorities to protect its citizens and their property can have many causes. It could be that the authorities themselves are incapacitated, especially in case of major natural disasters or terrorist attacks. It is also possible that citizens cannot contact them for help, in case phone lines break down, security systems fail, etc.. Especially in case of a natural disaster people find themselves forced to take what is not theirs to survive. How to respond to this is often a dilemma for the authorities [
7].
The term is increasingly used metaphorically to denote theft by corrupt individuals in positions of authority who exploit their financial or political power. This is often used in political speech.
Looting is often opportunistic, the apparent lapse in authority enabling willing persons to thieve with impunity. Looting also cascades through a group of people as one person believes that his contribution to the crime is lessened because someone else is looting. People may also believe that if the goods are not stolen, then they will simply be wasted, and see their act as a lesser of two evils. Finally, a looter may believe that if he doesn't steal the property, it will simply be stolen by someone else and he will gain nothing from his obedience. Looters are usually locals of the site of the disaster, and as such, may have lost a lot of their own property. This further encourages them to steal as it is reducing the negative impact of the disaster.
In extreme circumstances looting may be the only way for a person to procure necessities for themselves and their loved ones. Many see this as an act of survival rather than taking advantage of unfortunate events. Looting can be carried out by many individuals for essentials for survivals as well as those who exploit the emergency to get free luxuries such. In some circumstances, the maintaining of essential services requires "looting":for example, during the
Hurricane Katrina disaster, police were required to "loot" gasoline out of "abandoned" cars in order to continue to operate their squad cars, and doctors have had to obtain medical supplies from abandoned drugstores under armed police guard: [
8]
In many countries, even in Western democracies that otherwise ban the
death penalty, extraordinary measures may be taken against looters, during times of crisis. Looters may be
summarily shot by the police, army, or property owners. Extraordinary measures, combined with an impressive show of force, help to discourage looting and to disperse crowds that would otherwise find a normal show of force non-threatening. This is also common police practice in discouraging potential
riots, which are often associated with looting, from escalating.
The shooting of looters may also prevent further damage to the economy. However, this also shows the relative value of economy vs. human life in some societies.
Without a
police or other lawful presence, looting will nearly always occur in large scale disaster and crisis situations. Some examples including the following.
*Following the death of
Valentinian III in
455, the
Vandals invaded and extensively looted the city of
Rome.
*Another example of looting occurred during the
American Civil War. The
New York Draft Riots (July 13 - July 17, 1863) began as protests against President Abraham Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription drafting men to fight in the ongoing war. Considered by some to be the worst civil unrest in American history, the riots included 50,000 participants and lasted several days, claiming hundreds of lives and destroying millions of dollars in property. The violent demonstration could not be contained by the civil police force, and required the intervention of regiments of the New York State Militia, who marched back to NY from the
battlefield of Gettysburg, to restore civil order.
*In 1992, during the
Rodney King riots,
widespread looting occurred in
Los Angeles, California. Some store owners guarded their stores with personal firearms.
*During the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997/1998, lootings occurred in many parts of
Indonesia.
*During the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 many
ATMs were robbed in
New York City.
*After the
United States occupied Iraq, the absence of Iraqi police and the reluctance of the US to act as a police force enabled looters to raid homes and businesses, most notably the
Iraqi National Museum. During the war, many hospitals were stripped of nearly all supplies. However, upon investigation many of the looting claims were in fact exaggerated. Most notably the Iraqi National Museum in which many curators had stored important artifacts in the museum vault and then flooded the entrance. [
9]. Looting has also occurred in grand scale at a number of archaeological sites across Iraq. Sites are being destroyed and objects removed numbering in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
In the
Persian Gulf War there was massive looting by
Iraq in
Kuwait. [
10]
Viking warriors were famous for their raids on their neighbors in Europe.
2006 East Timor has a widespread of people looting
The media in Hurricane Katrina have been accused of portraying identical acts as justifiable "finding" or deplorable "looting" depending on the race of the perpetrator.[
11] However the reports have been defended as simply factual and coincidental based on an interpretation of "looting" as personally removing goods from a business versus "finding" defined as collecting goods floating in the street. [
12].
*
Anarchy*
Ramraiding*
Looting (gaming)
