Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 91 BCE)
Lucius Marcius Philippus was a politician of the
Roman Republic.
Marcius Philippus was
tribune of the plebs in
104 BCE, during which time he brought forward an
agrarian law, of the details of which we are not informed, but which is chiefly memorable for the statement he made in recommending the measure, that there were not two thousand men in the state who possessed property. He seems to have brought forward this measure chiefly with the view of acquiring popularity, and he quietly dropped it when he found there was no hope of carrying it. In
100 BCE, he defended the state along with other distinguished statesmen to protect it from
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.
He lost in a campaign for the
consulship in
93 BCE to Marcus Herennius, but did reach the office in
91 BCE with
Sextus Julius Caesar as his colleague. This was a very turbulent year in Rome for
Marcus Livius Drusus, a tribune of the plebs, brought forward laws concerning the distribution of corn, assignation of public land, and the creation on colonies in Italy and Sicily. It is sufficient to state here that Drusus at first enjoyed the full confidence of the
senate, especially as he was passing many laws beneficial to the people, and so endeavoured by his measures to reconcile the people to the senatorial party.
Philippus, on the other hand, belonged to the popular party, and he offered a vigorous opposition to the tribune, and thus came into open conflict with the senate. At times there were scenes of quarrelling and turbulence arising from the objection of
populares to the designs of Drusus. On one occasion Philippus declared in the senate that he could no longer carry on the government with such a body, and that there was need of a new senate. This roused the great orator L. Licinius Crassus, who asserted in the course of his speech, in which he is said to have surpassed his usual eloquence, that that man could not be his consul who refused to recognise him as senator. This violence spilled out into the forum at other times. In an attempt to prevent Drusus from passing his laws, Philippus interrupted him. This caused Druses to order his clients to drag Philippus to prison. The order was executed with such violence that the blood started from the nostrils of the consul, as he was dragged away by the throat. Nevertheless, Drusus successfully passed his laws in the assemblies.
Philippus reconciled himself with the senate, when members previously supportive of Drusus began to mistrust him. He, as an augur, convinced the senate to declare the laws of Drusus to be null and void because they were carried against the auspices. Nothing else is recorded of the consulship of Philippus, except that he recommended the senate to lay claim to Egypt, in. consequence of its having been left to them by the will of Alexander.
Philippus did not play much of a part in the Civil Wars. While Cicero mentions that he was in Sulla's party, he remained in Rome unmolested during Cinna's time in power. He even became
censor with
Marcus Perperna in
86 BCE and he is said to have expelled his own uncle Appius Claudius from the senate.
After Sulla's death he resisted attempts to change the constitution Sulla left in place. But he soon gave his support to
Gnaeus Pompeius, by whose means the people eventually regained most of their former political power.
Philippus was one of the most distinguished orators of his time. His reputation continued even to the Augustan age, whence we read in Horace: â€"
:
Strenuus et fortis causisque Philippus agendis Clarus.Cicero says that Philippus was decidedly inferior as an orator to his two great contemporaries Crassus and Antonius, but was without question next to them. In speaking he possessed much freedom and wit; he was fertile in invention, and clear in the development of his ideas; and in altercation he was witty and sarcastic. He was also well acquainted with Greek literature for that time. He was accustomed to speak extempore, and, when he rose to speak, he frequently did not know with what word he should begin: hence in his old age it was with both contempt and anger that he used to listen to the studied periods of Hortensius.
Philippus was a man of luxurious habits, which his wealth enabled him to gratify: his fish-ponds were particularly celebrated for their magnificence and extent, and are mentioned by the ancients along with those of Lucullus and Hortensius.
He had two sons:
Lucius Marcius Philippus and a step-son Gellius Publicola.
Cicero,
De officiis, 21. Cicero,
Pro C. Rabirio Postumo, 7. Cicero,
De oratore, 3.1;
Quintilian,
Institutio Oratoria, viii.3.89;
Valerius Maximus,
Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Novem, vi.2.2. Valerius Maximus,
Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Novem, ix.5.2;
Florus,
Epitomae de Tito Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC Libri Duo, ii.5;
Aurelius Victor,
De viris illustribus urbis Romae, 66. Cicero,
De provinciis consularibus, 9;
De legibus, ii.12;
Fragm. vol. iv. p. 449, ed. Orelli ; Ascon.
in Cornel, p. 68.
Cicero,
De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, ii.16. Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum 8.3. Cicero,
Pro domo sua, 32.Sallustius,
Hist. i.18, 19
Horatius,
Epistularum liber primus, 7. Cicero,
Brutus, 173. (
English via Project Gutenberg)
Cicero,
De oratore, ii.78. Cicero,
Brutus, 95.
Varro,
Rerum Rusticarum de Agri Cultura, 3.3.10;
Columella,
De re rustica, viii.16;
Pliny Naturalis Historia, ix. 54. s. 80
