Ly Nam De

Lý Nam Đế (Lý, The Southern Emperor) was originally Lý Bi or Lý Bon (October 17, 503 - April 13, 548) is debateably considered the "first" emperor of Vietnam and the founder of the Early Lý (or Li/Lee) Dynasty (544 - 603) and ruled from Feb. 544 - Feb. 548. Of ethnic Han Chinese ancestry, he was a regional magistrate of Jiaozhou which was then known as Giau Chau and comprmised much of modern-day Northern Vietnam. In 541, during this time China was under constant civil warfare following the Southern and Northern Dynasties Period. He became increasingly frustrated with the corruption in the government and hostility toward the local population. Upon resignation of his post he gathered the local nobility and tribes within the Red River Valley (North Vietnam) mobilized the imperial troops and naval fleet of Jiaozhou and successfully expelled the Chinese (Liang Dynasty) administration and led the insurrection that ended in 543. The following year in February 544, Ly Bi was declared "Emperor" by the Việt (Yueh) people with the intention of demonstrating equal in power to the Chinese emperial rulers. He renamed the empire "Van Xuan" (Land of Ten Thousand Springs). His imperial armies also repelled attacks from Champa in the south who had allied with Chinese at the time.

Lý Nam Đế established his capital at Long Bien (modern-day Hanoi), surrounded himself with effective leadership in military and administrative scholars. Lý Nam Đế was also strongly supported by excellent military generals such as Pham Tu, Trieu Tuc, Tinh Thieu, and Trieu Quang Phuc, (son of Trieu Tuc, later known as Trieu Việt Vường). This latter will emerge as a hero in Vietnamese history and who will eventually succeed to Lý Nam Đế as ruler in 548. Lý Nam Đế built many fortresses at strategic locations throughout Van Xuan to fend off potential threats from China in the north and from the Champa Kingdom in the south, he also established the first national university for mandarin scholars, implemented land reforms, and promoted literacy amongst the population. He laid the foundation for many reforms that modeled after the Chinese social structure.

Stability of Van Xuan did not last long and in October 544, the Liang Dynasty retaliated against Van Xuan by sending 120,000 imperial troops to re-occupy the region. The Liang emperor sent one of his best generals Chen Pa H'sien (Trần Bá Tiên) and granted him sole command of the invading Chinese forces. By spring of 545, Chen had marched his army into Van Xuan territory and laid siege and devastation to many cities. His initial invasion was stalled by Ly imperial forces for months. However, in the winter of 545, Chen laid a surprised attack on the capital during the monsoon season. Lý Nam Đế's imperial forces were caught off guard and the imperial administration was forced abandoned Long Bien and flee westward into neighboring kingdom of Laos. The Lý imperial forces were becoming weary and exhausted and Lý himself was increasingly ill due to months of being exposed in the wilderness. Lý Nam Đế realized that his illnesss would not enabled him to rally the troops and accomplish a successful resistance against the imperial Chinese forces. In February 548, he relinquished imperial authority and transferred his power to his older brother Lý Thiên Bảo (co-ruler from 548-until his death in 555) and Triệu Quang Phục (r. 548-571), who was his best lieutenant and general.

By April 548, after suffered from serious diseases for months, Lý Nam Đế died in Laos while fighting the Chinese forces. His immediate successor was Triệu Quang Phục (thereafter known as the emperor Triệu Việt Vương). The new emperor continued the resistance and eventually drove the Chinese colonialism from Van Xuan in 550. Although China occupied Vietnam for approximately 1,000 years, Lý Nam Đế successfully established a Việt dynasty that gave Northern Vietnam approximately 60 years of independence in between those times.

Early Lý Dynasty

Regal Titles

Ly Nam De I (r. 542 - 548)
Ly Thien Bao (r. 548 - 555 co-reigned w/Trieu Viet Vuong)
Trieu Viet Vuong (r. 548 - 571, 555 - 571 as sole ruler)
Ly Nam De II (r. 571 - 602)