Manhattan
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The Borough of Manhattan, highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. |
Manhattan is both the Island of Manhattan and also the Borough of Manhattan, one of the
five boroughs of
New York City. The commercial, financial, and cultural center of the city, Manhattan has many famous landmarks, tourist attractions, museums and universities. It is also home to the headquarters of the
United Nations and the seat of city government.
The borough of Manhattan is coterminous with
New York County, which is also the most densely populated county in the
United States. Postal addresses within the borough are typically designated as "New York, NY."
Manhattan has the largest central business district in the United States and is the site of most of the city's corporate headquarters and the
New York Stock Exchange. Although its population is third largest in size of the five boroughs, after
Brooklyn and
Queens, and it is geographically the smallest, the borough of Manhattan is the most closely associated with New York City. Residents of the four other boroughs often refer to Manhattan as "The City".
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An 1807 version of the Commissioner's Grid plan for Manhattan, a few years before it was adopted in 1811. |
The name
Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata so written earliest in the 1609 logbook (Record of October 2) of Robert Juet, an officer of the
Dutch East India Company yacht
Halve Maen or Half Moon
[Full Text of Robert Juet's Journal: From the collections of the New York Historical Society, Second Series, 1841 log book]. The ship was captained by
Henry Hudson, who, in the service of the Dutch Republic, was (covertly) commissioned to seek a
Northwest Passage to
China. The Half Moon first entered
Upper New York Bay on
September 11,
1609, and sailing up the lower
Hudson River, anchored off the tip of northern Manhattan that night. As emissary of Holland's Lord-Lieutenant Maurits he named the river he discovered after him; the Mauritius River.
A manuscript map of 1610 depicts the name Manahata twice, on the west as well as the east side of the Mauritius River, later named Hudson River, thereby referring to the tribes that dwelled at the mouth of the river as the Manahata Indians (later historians supposed that these people would have been the
Lenape). In 1625, Johannes de Laet, Director of the
Dutch West India Company wrote in his "New World": "The great North River of New-Netherland is called by some the Manhattas River from the people who dwell near its mouth; but by our countrymen it is generally called the Great River". In the 1630 edition he continues to write of "another fort of greater importance at the mouth of the same North River, upon an island which our people call Manhattas or Manhattans Island, because of this nation of Indians happened to possess the same, and by them it has been sold to the company". He thus confirmed that the island had been purchased in 1626 by
Peter Minuit, the third director of
New Netherland from the native Lenapes for 60 guilders worth of trade goods (translated to about $24, which according to the Oregon State University website's estimated conversion factors, is about the equivalent of $500-$700 American in today's currency.
[Historical Inflation Data according Oregon State UniversityObviously, it is the matter of common sense, that it is virtually impossible to make more or less exact comparison of societies, values and price structures dated back to 1626, and 2006. The source warns that data of 1913 and earlier are highly approximative. Besides, the data, which had been tabulated, based on John J. McCusker's article How much is that in real money (Processing American Antiquarian Society 2001 ISBN 1-929545-01-1) started from 1665 - 40 years after the time, when the trade was settled. However, these numbers give the feeling of the price, which was paid for Manhattan]It is generally assumed that the
Italian navigator
Giovanni da Verrazano explored
New York Harbor in 1524 and that a few months later the
Portuguese Esteban Gómez did the same. However, there is no evidence of any exploration, latitude calculations, surveying or mapping. There is only a vague textual description of having seen an estuary that may perhaps resemble Hudson's river. None of those navigators from other nations had penetrated well into the bay or explored the chief river substantiated with textual and visual evidence until the Dutch did so in 1609.
The province of
New Netherland was settled in 1624 at
Governors Island (the birth date of New York State), whereas the town of
New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island was founded in 1625 (the birth date of New York City) by New Netherland's second director, Willem Verhulst, who, together with his council, had selected Manhattan as the optimal place for permanent settlement. That year, in 1625, military engineer and surveyor Cryn Fredericksz van Lobbrecht laid out a citadel with Fort Amsterdam as centerpiece.
In 1664,
King Charles II, had resolved to annex New Netherland and consolidate it with his North American possessions in order "to install one form of government , both in church and state... to install the Anglican government as in Old England". He sent an expeditionary force composed of New Englanders and "reinforced by four royal ships crammed full with an extraordinary amount of men and warlike stores" and demanded New Netherland's surrender. Director General
Peter Stuyvesant and his council negotiated 24 articles of provisional transfer which gave New Netherlanders liberties and freedoms unlike those available to
New Englanders and
Virginians.
In October 1665, Stuyvesant reported that "many verbal warnings came from diverse country people on
Long Island, who daily noticed the growing and increasing strength of the English, and gathered from their talk that their business was not only with New Netherland but with the booty and plunder, and for these were they called out and enrolled. Which was afterwards confirmed not only by the dissolute English soldiery, but even by the most steady officers and by a striking example exhibited to the colonists of New Amstel on the South
Delaware River, who, notwithstanding they had offered no resistance, but requested good terms, could not obtain them, but were invaded, stripped, utterly plundered and many of them sold as slaves to Virginia".
Consequently, the negotiations assured that the legal and political tradition of tolerance as the basis of cultural diversity and pluralism since 1624 was perpetuated by the Articles of Transfer under English authority. Thus safeguarded, the notion of tolerance endured after conclusive jurisdictional establishment of English dominion over New Netherland in 1674, and through the formation of the United States of America, when it was reintroduced as a constitutional right under the Bill of Rights in 1791.
New Amsterdam's significance, therefore, lies in the fact that it gave rise to what would become the most diverse city in the world, and the nation's largest municipality ― itself a legal concept introduced, in 1653, in New Amsterdam.
Having so saved the New Netherland culture from destruction, the political power of a minority among the majority was soon to transform, over time, the region from a utilitarian community based on the values of a republic and the Dutch language to a class society based on royal values and the English language. Hence, New York County is named in honor of the Royal Majesty of Great Britain, the
Duke of York, later to become the Catholic
James II of England after whom the City and State of New York were also named. In 1691, however, the
Catholic religion was outlawed in New York by an act of parliament until 1783.
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Manhattan skyline with the Twin Towers. |
New York was the first capital of the country (1785-1790) .
At the time of creation of New York County, its territory consisted of Manhattan Island, and occupied the same area which it occupies today. In 1873, the western portion of the present
Bronx County was transferred to New York County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. In 1898, when New York City was constituted as five boroughs, the separate boroughs of Manhattan and of the Bronx were formed, though both remained within the single County of New York. In 1914, those parts of the then New York County which had been annexed from
Westchester County were constituted the new Bronx County, and New York County was reduced again to its present boundaries.
From the latter half of the 1960s through most of the 1970s, Manhattan suffered from
urban flight as the middle-class fled to the outer boroughs and suburbs due to an increase in crime. However, as with many other American cities, there was an increase in population growth in the latter part of the century due to a renewed interest in the urban lifestyle, a trend which began in the late 1980s and has continued to present day. It was thought that the
September 11, 2001 attacks would initiate a new exodus from the City due to a fear of
terrorism, but this has not come to pass.
Manhattan Island is bound by the
Hudson River to the west and the
East River to the east. To the north, the
Harlem River divides Manhattan from
The Bronx and the mainland United States. The island is 20 mi² (51.8 km²) of land measuring 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7 km) across at its widest point. The borough of Manhattan includes both Manhattan Island and several small islands, including
Randall's Island,
Ward's Island, and
Roosevelt Island to the east and
Ellis Island,
Liberty Island, and
Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor. The borough has an area of 33.8 mi² (87.5 km²), of which 32.01% is water.
One Manhattan neighborhood is actually contiguous with The Bronx.
Marble Hill at one time was part of Manhattan Island, but the
Harlem River Ship Canal, dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River, separated it from the remainder of Manhattan
[New York Times - Streetscapes: Spuyten Duyvil Swing Bridge; Restoring a Link In the City's Lifeline]. Eventually the part of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from The Bronx was filled in, and Marble Hill became part of the mainland.
Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan's land has been considerably altered by human intervention. The borough has seen substantial
land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in
Lower Manhattan with modern developments like Battery Park City. Much of the natural variations in topography have been evened out. One possible meaning for "Manhattan" is "island of hills"; in fact, the island was quite hilly before European settlement. The highest area of Manhattan is
Morningside Heights, which is sometimes referred to as the
Academic Acropolis because it sits on the highest natural point in Manhattan and is home to many academic institutions.
Manhattan is loosely divided into
downtown,
midtown, and
uptown regions, with
Central Park demarcating Manhattan's east and west sides.
Manhattan is connected by bridges and tunnels to
New Jersey to the west, and three New York City boroughs: the
Bronx to the northeast;
Brooklyn and
Queens on
Long Island to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough is the
Staten Island Ferry, which is free of charge. Its terminal is located at
Battery Park at its southern tip. It is possible to travel to Staten Island via Brooklyn, using one of the Brooklyn's bridges, and then
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.
A consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as
Manhattanhenge (by analogy with
Stonehenge). On separate occasions in late May and early July (for 2006 the exact dates are
May 28 and
July 12), the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the
sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level. A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December (
January 11 and
December 2 in 2006).
The
Wildlife Conservation Society that runs the zoos and aquariums in the city is currentlyundertaking
The Mannahatta Project a computer simulation to visually reconstruct the ecology and geography of Manhattan when Henry Hudson first sailed by in 1609, and compare it to what we know of the island today.
For economic geography, see the map links to
radicalcartography at the bottom of the page.
Neighborhoods
Manhattan's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention. Some are geographical (the
Upper East Side), ethnically discriptive (
Chinatown), or abbreviations (
TriBeCa, which stands for "Triangle Below Canal Street").
Harlem is a name from the Dutch colonial era after Haarlem, a town in the Netherlands.
Some neighborhoods, like
SoHo, are commercial in nature and known for upscale shopping. Others, like the
Lower East Side and
East Village, are associated with Bohemian subculture.
Chelsea is a gay neighborhood and also the center of New York's art industry.
Washington Heights is a vibrant neighborhood of immigrants from the
Dominican Republic. Manhattan's Chinatown is the largest in the Western hemisphere. The
Upper West Side is a younger, more liberal version of the
Upper East Side, one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the United States.
In Manhattan,
uptown means north and
downtown means south. This usage differs from that of most American cities, where
downtown refers to the
central business district. Manhattan has two central business districts, the
Financial District downtown and the business district in
Midtown. The terms
uptown and
downtown can also refer to the northern part of Manhattan (generally speaking, above
59th Street) and
downtown to the southern part (typically below
23rd Street or 14th Street).
Fifth Avenue roughly bisects Manhattan Island and acts as the demarcation line for east/west designations (e.g., East 27th Street, West 42nd Street). South of Waverly Place in Manhattan, Fifth Avenue terminates and Broadway becomes the east/west demarcation line. North of
14th Street nearly all east-west streets use numeric designations, which increase from south to north to 220th Street, the highest numbered street.
Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong"
mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Manhattan.
The office of
Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the
New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the
Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.
[Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006]Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Manhattan's Borough President is
Scott Stringer, elected as a
Democrat in 2005.
The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. Registered voters of the
Republican Party are a small minority in the borough; they constitute more than 20% of the electorate only on the
Upper East Side and the
Financial District. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in Manhattan include development, noise, and the cost of housing.
Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and
District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote.
Robert M. Morgenthau, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of New York County since 1974. Manhattan has 10 City Council members, the third largest number among the five boroughs. It also has 12 administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents.
As the host of the
United Nations, the borough is home to the world's largest international
consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates
[Society of Foreign Consuls: About us. Retrieved on 2006-07-19]. It is also the home of
New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the
Mayor of New York City and the
New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby
Manhattan Municipal Building, one of the largest governmental buildings in the world.
Manhattan has not voted for a
Republican in a national
presidential election since 1924. In the 2004 presidential election Democrat
John Kerry recieved 82.1% of the vote in Manhattan and Republican
George W. Bush recieved 16.7%. The borough is the most important source of funding for presidential campaigns in the United States; it is home to four of the top five
zip codes in the nation for political contributions. The top zip code, 10021, is on the Upper East Side and generated the most money for the
2004 presidential campaigns of both Kerry and Bush
[Big Donors Still Rule The Roost, accessed July 18, 2006].
| Manhattan Compared | | 2000 Census | Manhattan | NY City | NY State |
| Total population | 1,537,195 | 8,008,278 | 18,976,457 |
| Population density | 66,940.1/mi² | 26,403/mi² | 402/mi² |
| Median household income (1999) | $47,030 | $38,293 | $43,393 |
| Per capita income | $42,922 | $22,402 | $23,389 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 49% | 27% | 24% |
| Foreign born | 29% | 36% | 20% |
| White | 56% | 44% | 62% |
| Black | 17% | 27% | 16% |
| Hispanic (any race) | 27% | 27% | 14% |
| Asian | 9% | 10% | 6% |
|
Manhattan population trend, 1790-2000. |
According to 2005 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 1,593,200 people (up from 1.4 million in 1990) 738,644 households, and 302,105 families residing in Manhattan. Counted on its own, Manhattan would be the
fifth largest city in the United States, after New York City,
Los Angeles,
Chicago, and
Houston.
The population density was 66,940.1/mi² (25,849.9/km²), the highest population density of any county in the United States. In 1910, at the height of a wave of European immigration to New York, Manhattan's population density reached a peak of 46,428.9/km². There were 798,144 housing units in 2000 at an average density of 34,756.7/mi² (13,421.8/km²).
In 2000 56.4% of people living in Manhattan were
White, 27.18% were
Hispanic of any race, 17.39% were
Black, 14.14% were from
other races, 9.40% were
Asian, 0.5% were
Native American, and 0.07% were
Pacific Islander. 4.14% were from two or more races.
There were 738,644 households. 25.2% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 59.1% were non-families. 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 48.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.99.
Manhattan's population was spread out with 16.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 38.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
Manhattan is one of the
highest-income places in the United States with a population greater than 1 million. The Manhattan zipcode 10021, on the
Upper East Side, is home to more than 100,000 people and has a per capita income of over $90,000. It is one of the largest concentrations of extreme wealth in the United States. Most Manhattan neighborhoods are not as wealthy. The median income for a household in the county was $47,030, and the median income for a family was $50,229. Males had a median income of $51,856 versus $45,712 for females. The
per capita income for the county was $42,922. About 17.6% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the
poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.
Lower Manhattan (Manhattan south of Houston street) has a sharply different population than the rest of the borough. According to the 2000 census, the neighborhood was 41% Asian, 32% non-Hispanic white, 19% Hispanic and 6% black. 43% of residents were immigrants. These figures are affected by the demographic weight of Chinatown, which accounts for 55% of the population of Lower Manhattan.
Manhattan is incredibly religiously diverse. The largest religious affiliation is the
Roman Catholic Church, whose adherents constitute 564,505 persons (more than 36% of the population) and maintain 110 congregations.
Jews comprise the second largest religious group, with 314,500 persons (around 20.5%) and have 102 congregations. Other large denominations include
Protestants (139,732 adherents) and
Muslims (37,078).
[The Association of Religion Data [1]]Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements. In 1912 about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched on
Washington Square Park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, which killed 146 workers the year before. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of female independence, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements.
The
Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s defined the American
pop art movement, which gave birth to such giants as
Jasper Johns and
Roy Lichtenstein. Perhaps no other artist is as associated with the downton pop art movement of the the late 1970s as
Andy Warhol, who socialized at clubs like
Serendipity 3 and
Studio 54 and was shot in the chest in 1968 by the radical feminist
Valerie Solanas, founder of the group "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.) and author of the S.C.U.M. Manifesto.
A popular haven for art, the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is widely known for its galleries and cultural events.
Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States.
Plays and
musicals are staged in one of the thirty-nine larger professional theatres located in Manhattan, with 500 seats or more, that appeal to the mass audience. The majority of Broadway theatres are in Midtown, in and around
Times Square. Broadway theatres are usually run by a producing organization or another theatre group. A short stroll from
Times Square will take you to the Lincoln Center, home to one of the the world's most prestigious opera houses, that of the
Metropolitan Opera.
Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections, both contemporary and historical, in the world including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Guggenheim Museum.
Landmarks
The
Empire State Building,
Chrysler Building, the theater district around
Broadway,
New York University,
Columbia University,
Baruch College,
Yeshiva University, the financial center around
Wall Street,
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts,
Harlem, the
American Museum of Natural History,
Chinatown, and
Central Park are all located on this densely populated island. The phrase "a
New York minute" refers to the extremely rapid pace of living in Manhattan.
Manhattan is unique in the United States for its intense use of
public transportation and lack of private car ownership. While nearly 90% of Americans drive to their jobs, public transit is the overwhelmingly dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan.
[Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, accessed May 21, 2006] According to the
2000 U.S. Census, more than 75% of Manhattan households do not own a car (car ownership is greater in the other boroughs, but New York City as a whole is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car).
The
New York City Subway, the largest
subway system in the world by track mileage, is the primary means of travel in the borough and connects it to every borough except Staten Island. A second subway system, the
PATH, connects Manhattan to northern
New Jersey. Transit riders pay with a
MetroCard, which is used on all city buses, subways, and PATH trains. The fare is $2 for the MTA-run subway, $1.50 for the PATH train.
Manhattan's transportation system is dense and varied. New York's iconic yellow cabs, which number almost 13,000 city-wide, are ubiquitous in the borough, which also sees tens of thousands of bicycle commuters. The
Roosevelt Island Tramway whisks commuters between
Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes. The
Staten Island Ferry, which runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2 mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each day approximately five boats transport almost 65,000 passengers during 104 boat trips. The fare has been free since 1997.
The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at
Penn Station and
Grand Central Terminal, on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan, respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one in every three users of mass transit in the country and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs
[The MTA Network, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, accessed May 17, 2006].
Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to
Boston,
Philadelphia,
Baltimore and
Washington, D.C.;
Upstate New York,
New England and
Montreal, Canada; and destinations in the South and Midwest.
The
Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles per day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Manhattan, is the world's busiest vehicular tunnel. It was built instead of a bridge to allow for the free passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through
New York Harbor and up the Hudson to Manhattan's piers. The
Queens Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-Federal project of its time when it was completed in 1940. President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.
The
FDR Drive and
Harlem River Drive are two limited-access routes through Manhattan designed by the controversial New York master planner
Robert Moses.
Manhattan has three public heliports. Regularly scheduled helicopter service connects Manhattan with
John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens.
Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the
New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States.
Some of the best-known New York City public high schools, such as
Stuyvesant High School,
High school of fashion industries and
Hunter College High School, are located in Manhattan.
Manhattan has various colleges and universities (see
List of colleges and universities in New York City). The list includes the famous
Columbia University of the
Ivy League as well as
New York University (NYU).
The world-renowed
City University of New York (CUNY), is the municipal college system of New York City. The City University is the largest urban university system in the
United States as well as the third largest system in terms of enrollment. A third of college graduates in New York City are CUNY graduates, with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include:
Baruch College,
City College of New York,
Hunter College,
John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the
CUNY Graduate Center (graduate studies and doctoral granting institution). The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the
Borough of Manhattan Community College.
*
Midtown*
Sawing off of Manhattan IslandManhattan local government and services
*
Manhattan Borough President official site*
Manhattan District Attorney official site*
New York City Transit Bus Map of Manhattan (
PDF file)
Maps, streets, and neighborhoods
*
Arial view of all bridges in Manhattan*
New York City subway and road map* Maps of
Building Heights and
Land Value, plus
theoretical and
zoning-based maps of underdevelopment, all from www.radicalcartography.net
*
air visit of all the districts of Manhattan in photographs*
Avenues + streets of Manhattan (translated from
French)
*
Interactive Manhattan MapHistorical references
*
New York and its origins*
Letter of 1626 stating that Manhattan Island had been purchased for the value of 60 guilders (PD)*
Map of Mannados or Manhattan in 1661 (PD)*
1729 map of Manhattan*
The Story of Manhattan, by Charles Hemstreet. 1901 publication from
Project Gutenberg*
The log book of Robert Juet. The earliest written information on Manhattan.
Manhattan guides
*
Randall's Lost New York City*
New York City WalkPhotographs and videos of Manhattan
*
NewYorkDailyPhoto*
Photographs of Manhattan*
Forgotten New York*
gallery ' Manhattan' in Black and White*
Manhattan Skyline Panoramas
