Mikvah
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Pool of a medieval mikvah in Speyer, dating back to 1128 |
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First room in the medieval mikvah in Speyer |
Mikvah (or
mikveh) (
Hebrew:
מִקְוָ";
Tiberian Miqwāh,
Standard Hebrew Miqva) (plural,
mikvaot or
mikvot) is a "ritual bath" used for immersion in a
purification ceremony within
Judaism. Its main use nowadays is by
Jewish women to achieve ritual purity after
menstruation or
childbirth. Immersion in a mikvah is also required during a traditional conversion to Judaism and in some cases for pots and pans.
Traditionally, the mikvah was used by both men and women for various purposes. Everyone was required to go to the mikvah upon coming into contact with the dead or other ritually unclean (
tamei) objects if they wanted to enter the temple area or eat
Terumah.
Nazirites were required to immerse in the mikvah upon completing their vows,
lepers were required to immerse upon healing,
priests were required to immerse before performing certain
Temple rites, men were required to immerse after having a nocturnal emission (this is still practiced by some as
tevilath Ezra, "the immersion of
Ezra"), and women after giving birth or menstruating.
Ancient mikvahs dating from Temple times (predating 70 AD) can be found throughout the
Land of Israel, as well as in the
diaspora.
Today, among
Orthodox Jews, only women are still required to immerse in a mikvah after
childbirth or
menstruation before they have intercourse with their husbands. In some Orthodox communities, men may immerse before their wedding. Women immerse themselves before the day of their wedding, after their last pre-wedding menstrual cycle in order to be ritually pure for their wedding night. Traditionally, converts to Judaism also immerse in the mikvah, although a minority of
Reform rabbis do not require this. Some men, especially in
Hasidic circles, also use the mikvah regularly, either daily, before
Shabbat, or before certain
Jewish holidays. Since a woman's use of the mikvah is a private matter, men and women may have separate mikvah facilities in separate locations, or have different designated times to use the same mikvah; however, according to
halacha, when a man immerses into a mikvah, after having any seminal emissions, it does not need to be a 'kosher mikvah', in that it doesn't need to have rain water (or melted snow), and also doesn't require the 'mem sa'eh' amount of water. The men's mikvah may be regular tap water because there is no halachic obligation on the man to become pure. This is not the case however when a convert immerses, they fall under the same legal requirement for purity as a woman, after her menstrual cycle.Orthodox Judaism also requires immersing vessels and utensils used for food in a kosher mikvah, when bought by a jew, from a gentile.
Conservative Judaism still officially requires immersion in a mikvah under virtually the same circumstances as Orthodox Judaism, and Issac Klein's
A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice contains chapters on the laws of women's immersion following menstruation and childbirth. Until the late nineties, these practices largely fell into disuse among Conservative Jews, although immersion continued to be practiced as part of conversion. In recent years, however, there has been some evidence of a resurgence of interest in the mikveh and its uses in both Conservative and Reform circles. The Mayyim Hayyim Community Mikveh and Education Center in Boston [
1] typifies this effort. Part of this resurgence focuses on extending the use of the mikveh beyond its traditional bounds to mark both joyful occasions (immersions for bar and bat mizvah candidates, for example) and processes of healing (cancer survivors, healing following a divorce, sexual abuse and other circumstances).
A Jewish
funeral home may have a mikvah for immersing a body during the purification procedure before burial.
The rules regarding the construction of mikvaot are complicated. The immersion itself must take place in a "mayan" a spring or well. Certain rivers or lakes can therefore be used for immersion, but one should always check with a mikvah expert to be sure as to the status of a particular body of water. Standard bathtubs cannot be used. Alternately,
rain water can also be used, and is the source of most mikvah water today. Though a certain amount of rainwater is required, this can be augmented with regular tap water, which has a connection to the pool of rain water. This later formula is often used so that the water used for immersion can be frequently changed. A pool of rainwater (
bor) is connected with a duct to a regular bathing pool, and the duct is closed to empty and replace the regular water without having to replace the rain water. A mikvah must contain a minimum of forty
se'ah of water, approximately 200 gallons.
Except as noted, these are all required in modern times under the practice of
Orthodox Judaism*Women
**Menstruation
**Childbirth
**Before their
chuppah wedding
*Men
**The next evening after a nocturnal emission
**Daily mornings, under some
Hasidic customs
**Weekly before
Shabbat, under some
Hasidic customs
*Either Gender
**Before a Holy Day, according to one's individual
minhag (custom)
**Conversion
**T'vilah (
lit. immersion c.v. "toivelling") - immersion of utensils
Immersion requires that the water cover the entire body. To make sure that water literally touches every part of the body, All clothing, jewelry, and even bandages must be removed. In contemporary mikvaot for women, there is always an experienced attendant, commonly called the "mikvah lady", to watch the immersion and ensure that the woman has been entirely covered in water.
Hair
There is some debate about the requirements for hair. In order to make sure that the water touches all parts of the hair, one can not wear braids. The debate comes as to whether the hair must be combed straight so that there are no knots. Typically,
Sephardic Jews are ethnically darker, with curly hair. This can be almost wiry, and difficult to comb.
Black Jews also take issue with this primarily
Ashkenazi stance, particularly when it comes to
dreadlocks. One must consult their Rabbi to issue a
psak (ruling). This ruling must be obtained in
all instances, because it may vary even within a community, based on the person's hair.
For
example, a possible
psak in favor of dreadlocks:
*a dreadlock is not actually braided, but is rather periodically twisted,
*the hair may be loose enough (depending upon the person) to become thouroughly saturated with no question as to whether all the hair got wet, particularly if the person showered first,
*and, it would cause pain to comb through the hair naturally.
*
Niddah*
Baptism*
The Mikvah - by Rivkah Slonim*
Global Mikvah Directory - by Mikvah.org*
Mayim Rabim website and message boards - women's reflections on mikvah and taharat hamishpacha*
A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice, Isaac Klein, JTS Press, New York, 1992
