National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
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The standard of the National Trust |
The
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as
The National Trust, is a preservation organisation in
England,
Wales and
Northern Ireland. The Trust does not operate in
Scotland, where there is an independent
National Trust for Scotland.
According to its website:
"The National Trust works to preserve and protect the coastline, countryside and buildings of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. We do this in a range of ways, through practical caring and conservation, through educating and informing, and through encouraging millions of people to enjoy their national heritage."
The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was formed in 1895 and is a registered charity, no. 205846, under the 1993 Charities Act. It is incorporated, and has powers conferred upon it, by the various National Trust Acts from 1907 to 1971. Its original registration in 1895 was vested with the stated power to, ‘promote the permanent preservation for the benefit of the Nation of lands and tenements (including buildings) of beauty or historic interest'. The Trust was founded on
January 12,
1895 by
Octavia Hill (
1838 –
1912),
Robert Hunter (
1844–
1913) and Canon
Hardwicke Rawnsley (
1851–
1920), prompted in part by the earlier success of
Charles Eliot and the
Kyrle Society. A fourth individual, the Duke of Westminster (1825-1899), is also referred to in many texts as being a principle contributor to the formation of the Trust. In the early days it was concerned primarily with protecting open spaces and a variety of threatened buildings; its first property was
Alfriston Clergy House and its first
nature reserve was
Wicken Fen. The focus on
country houses and gardens which now comprise the majority of its most visited properties came about in the mid 20th century when it was realised that the private owners of many of these properties were no longer able to afford to maintain them. The diarist
James Lees-Milne is usually credited with playing a central role in the main phase of the Trust's country house acquisition programme, though he was in fact simply an employee of the Trust, and was carrying through policies which had already been decided by its governing body.
One of the biggest crises in the Trust's history erupted at the 1967 Annual general meeting, when the leadership of the Trust was accused of being out of touch and placing too much emphasis on conserving country houses. In response, the Council asked Sir Henry Benson to chair an Advisory Committee to review the structure of the trust. Following the publication of the Benson Report in 1968 much of the administration of the Trust was devolved to the regions. Membership was 226,200 when the Trust celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1970. By 1975 it was 500,000; the one million mark was reached in 1981 and two million in 1990.
In 1990s a dispute over whether
stag hunting should be permitted on National Trust land caused bitter disputes within the organisation, but it did little to slow down the growth in member numbers. In 2005 the number of members reached 3.4 million. That year, the Trust moved to a new head office in
Swindon,
Wiltshire. The building was constructed on an abandoned railway yard, and is intended as a model of
brownfield renewal. It is named Heelis, for the writer
Beatrix Potter, who was one of the National Trust's most important benefactors and whose married name was Mrs Heelis. [
1]
The Trust is constituted by the
National Trust Acts 1907–
1971, but it is a private charity rather than a government institution (
English Heritage and its equivalents in other parts of the United Kingdom are government bodies which perform some functions which overlap with the work of the National Trust). The Acts grant the Trust the unique statutory right to declare land
inalienable—which prevents the land from being sold or mortgaged against the Trust's wishes without parliamentary intervention.
The Trust is one of the largest membership organisations in the world, with over three million members, whose annual subscriptions are its most important source of income. There is a separate organisation called the
Royal Oak Foundation for American supporters. The members elect the council of the National Trust, and may propose and vote on motions at the annual general meeting. The National Trust was slow to enter the Internet era, and purchasing anything (including basic membership) from its website remains problematic.
At an operational level the Trust is organised into regions which are aligned with the official local government regions. Its headquarters are in
Swindon.
For the year ended
28 February 2005, the Trust's total income was £315 million, or £253.1 million excluding the costs of its "Enterprises" division. The largest sources of this £253.1 million were: membership subscriptions 36%; legacies 20%; rents 10%; other investment income 10%. Expenses included £91.4 million for routine property maintenance costs and £61.4 million for capital projects.
The Trust's investment fund was over £715 million, not counting the substantial value of the farms and properties on its country estates (which is many cases is purely notional, since these are held inalienably, and could not be realised even if the Trust wanted to). Most of this is in tied funds which support specific properties and projects.
Historic houses and gardens
The Trust owns thousands of properties throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland; including over 200 mansion houses and gardens of outstanding interest and importance. The majority of these country houses contain collections of pictures, furniture, books, metalwork, ceramics and textiles that have remained in their historic context. Most of the houses have also important gardens attached to them, and the Trust also owns some important gardens which are not attached to a house. The properties include some of the most famous stately homes in the country and some of the key gardens in the history of British gardening.
The government of the United Kingdom has imposed
inheritance taxes which often render intergenerational transfers of large estates impossible. This has proved a strong incentive for families to bequeath great houses to the Trust.
Coast and countryside
The Trust's land holdings account for more than 623,000 acres of beautiful countryside (over 950 miles²), covering nearly one and a half percent of the total land mass of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. A large proportion of this consists of the parks and agricultural estates attached to country houses, but there are also many countryside properties which were acquired specifically for their scenic or scientific value. The Trust owns or has covenant over about a quarter of the
Lake District; it has similar control over about 12% of the
Peak District National Park (See for example
South Peak Estate,
High Peak Estate). It owns or protects roughly one fifth of the coast in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (704 miles / 1,126 km), and has a long-term campaign,
Project Neptune, which seeks to acquire more.
Other properties
In recent years the Trust has sought to broaden its activities and appeal by acquiring properties such as former mills (early
factories),
workhouses and
Paul McCartney's and
John Lennon's childhood homes.
The Trust makes a substantial part of its income from commercial activities, including gift shops, restaurants, publishing, package holidays and holiday cottage lettings. It also runs working holidays for volunteers. But most of its revenues continue to derive directly from members' subscriptions, and from bequests from well-wishers.
The 2004–05 annual report contains a list of all National Trust properties for which an admission charge is made that attracted more than 50,000 visitors in the year. The top ten were:
#
Wakehurst Place Garden â€" 420,831 (administered and maintained by the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)#
Stourhead â€" 335,265#
Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal â€" 299,728#
Polesden Lacey â€" 287,010#
Waddesdon Manor â€" 286,557#
St Michael's Mount â€" 206,557#
Lanhydrock House â€" 205,867#
Chartwell â€" 184,078#
Sheffield Park Garden â€" 169,952#
Corfe Castle â€" 168,377
*
National Trust Properties in England*
National Trust Properties in Wales*
National Trust Properties in Northern Ireland* There are other
National Trusts worldwide*
National Trust for Scotland properties*
The National Trust website*
Annual report for 2004â€"05, including financial data (
PDF document)
