New Left
The
New Left is a term used in political discourse to refer to radical
left-wing movements from the 1960s onwards. They differed from earlier leftist movements that had been more oriented towards
labour activism, and instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called
social activism. The "New Left" was an intellectually driven movement which attempted to correct the perceived errors of "
Old Left" parties in the post-WWII period. The movement began to wind down in the
1970s, when activists either committed themselves to party projects, developed
social justice organizations, or became inactive in the movement.
World War II severely hindered operations of established
communist parties in the United States and Western Europe.
Political repression such as the
Red Scare restricted organizing and limited communist recruitment in the immediate post-war period, particularly in the U.S. In Western Europe,
social-democratic parties nationalized
health care and transportation services, co-opting key planks of pre-war communist party platforms.
The confused response of the
CPUSA and the
CPGB to the
Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a crisis of confidence in party decision making. Independent
Marxist intellectuals began to develop a more
individualistic approach to leftist politics, which was opposed to the perceived bureaucratic and inflexible politics of the pre-war leftist parties. In Western Europe, these new developments occurred both inside and outside social democratic and communist parties, contributing toward the development of
eurocommunism. The New Left in the U.S. was primarily based on college campuses. The New Left in the United Kingdom emerged through the links between dissenting Communist Party intellectuals and campus groups.
As a result of
Khrushchev's
Secret Speech denouncing
Stalin and the
Soviet invasion of Hungary in
1956, the
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) ruptured. Many left the party for
Trotskyist groupings or for the
Independent Labour Party. Others formed an embryonic grouping dedicated to
Reform Communism.
The British New Left concentrated on the
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the hypocrisy of the
Soviet Union and its allied countries. It often worked in existing
popular front organizations to campaign for peace, disarmament, global justice or other issues important to communists. Some students within the British New Left joined the
International Socialists, which later became
Socialist Workers Party while others became involved with groups such as the
International Marxist Group. Trotskyist
Tariq Ali, who played a role in some of the New Left protests of this era, documents his involvement in his book
Street Fighting Years.The historian
E. P. Thompson established a dissenting journal within the CPGB called
Reasoner. Once expelled from the party, he began publishing the
New Reasoner from 1957. In
1960, this journal merged with the
Universities and Left Review to form the
New Left Review. These journals attempted to synthesise a theoretical position of a
revisionist,
humanist,
socialist marxism. This publishing effort made the ideas of minor marxist theorists, particularly culturally oriented theorists, available to an undergraduate reading audience. The
New Left Review popularised the
Frankfurt School,
Antonio Gramsci and other culturally oriented forms of
Marxism.
As the campus orientation of the American New Left became clear in the mid to late 1960s, the student sections of the British New Left began taking action in these areas. The
London School of Economics became a key site of British student militance (Hoch and Schoenbach, 1969). Additionally, the influence of the
May 1968 events in France were felt strongly throughout the British New Left. The politics of the British New Left can be compared with libertarian socialist
Solidarity, UK, which continued to focus primarily on industrial issues.
In the United States, the "New Left" was the name loosely associated with a radical political movement that took place during the
1960s, primarily among college students. The origin of the name can be traced to an open letter written in
1960 by
sociologist C. Wright Mills entitled
Letter to the New Left. Mills argued for a new
leftist ideology, moving away from the traditional ("
Old Left") focus on
labor issues, towards more personalized issues such as opposing
alienation,
anomie,
authoritarianism, and other ills of the modern affluent society. Put differently, Mills argued for a shift from traditional leftism, toward the values of the
Counterculture.
The New Left opposed the prevailing authority structures in society, which it termed "The Establishment," and those who rejected this authority became known as "anti-Establishment." The New Left avoided recruiting industrial workers and concentrated on a
social activist approach to organizing. Many in the New Left were convinced that they could be the source for a newer, better kind of
social revolution. Loosely associated with the New Left was the
Berkeley Free Speech Movement which began in
1964 as a coalition of student groups opposing restrictions to political activity on campus.
Most in the U.S. New Left were, to varying degrees, heavily influenced by the politics of the
Vietnamese National Liberation Front and the
Chinese Cultural Revolution. Like the British New Left, they also believed that the
Secret Speech indicated that the Soviet Union had become
revisionist, but unlike the British New Left, they did not turn to
Trotskyism or
social democracy as a result. The U.S. New Left argued that since the Soviet Union could no longer be considered the world center for
proletarian revolution, new revolutionary
communist thinkers had to be substituted in its place â€" specifically,
Mao Zedong,
Ho Chi Minh and
Fidel Castro were chosen as the lead thinkers in this new framework. The U.S. New Left also drew inspiration from the
Black Panther Party.
Other elements of the U.S. New Left were
anarchist and looked to
libertarian socialist traditions of American
radicalism, and investigated the
Industrial Workers of the World and previous union militancy. This group coalesced around the historical journal
Radical Amerika. American
Autonomist Marxism was also a child of the U.S. New Left, particularly the thought of
Harry Cleaver.
SDS
The organization that really came to symbolize the core of the New Left was the
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). In
1962 Tom Hayden wrote its founding document, the
Port Huron Statement, which issued a call for "participatory democracy" based on nonviolent civil disobedience. The SDS marshalled anti-war, pro-civil rights and free speech concerns on campuses, and managed to bring together liberals and more revolutionary leftists. The SDS became the leading organization of the antiwar movement on college campuses during the
Vietnam War, and during the course of the war became increasingly
militant. As opposition to the war grew stronger, the SDS became a nationally prominent political organization, but opposing the war became an overriding concern that overshadowed many of the original issues that had originally inspired SDS.
In 1968 and 1969, as its radicalism reached a fever pitch, the SDS began to split under the strain of internal dissension and increasing turns toward
Maoism. In this vein, along with adherents known as the
New Communist Movement, some extremist
terrorist splinter factions also emerged, such as the
Weather Underground Organization.
Collapse
The back of the U.S. New Left was broken by the U.S. withdrawal from
Vietnam. More
liberal elements of the New Left retreated into professional life.
Maoist elements formed minuscule microparties, some of which continue to the present day, but most dissolved in factional infighting. The ones that did not collapse were eventually fused into the
Freedom Road Socialist Organization with an eye on keeping Maoist New Left traditions alive. Other New Left revolutionaries continued their political struggles, but often in smaller organisations which were less visible. By the beginning of the 1980s, the U.S. New Left was effectively non-existent. However, many organisational principles, particularly the
social activist model, continue to be used by current American
left-wing groups.
A variety of political commentators have attempted to subsume a number of European revolutionary movements under the heading of the New Left, but these subsumptions typically rely on an inaccurate U.S.-centric view.
Briefly, the
Prague Spring was legitimised by the Czech government as a reformist movement to revitalise
Czechoslovak socialism. The 1968 events in the Czech Republic were driven forward by
industrial workers, and were explicitly theorized by active Czech unionists as a revolution for workers' control.
The events in
France in
May 1968 were complex. However, the driving force of near-revolution in France were students inspired by the ideas of the
Situationist International, which in turn had been inspired by
Socialisme ou Barbarie. Both of these French groups placed an emphasis on cultural production as a form of production. Unlike the New Left, the sphere of culture was not unrelated to productivity.
While the
Autonomia in
Italy have been called New Left, it is more appropriate to see them as a unique response to the failure of the Italian PCI and PSI to deal with the new Italian industrial working class in the 1950s. The Autonomia was a result of traditional, industrially oriented, communism retheorising its ideology and methods. Unlike most of the New Left, Autonomia had a strong blue-collar arm, active in regularly occupying factories.
The
Provos were a Dutch
counter-cultural movement of mostly young people with anarchist influences.
*
Tariq Ali*
Perry Anderson*
Noam Chomsky*
Daniel Cohn-Bendit*
Angela Davis*
Guy Debord*
Regis Debray*
Rudi Dutschke*
Frantz Fanon*
Alain Geismar*
Andre Gorz*
Tom Hayden*
Abbie Hoffman*
David Horowitz*
Henri Lefebvre*
Herbert Marcuse*
C. Wright Mills*
Tom Nairn*
Carl Oglesby*
Jerry Rubin*
Jean Paul Sartre*
Jacques Sauvageot*
Mario Savio*
Raymond Williams*
Howard Zinn*
New Communist Movement*
Left-wing currents in anti-intellectualism* Mills, C. Wright.
Letter to the New Left.
New Left Review. London, No. 5, September-October 1960. From
Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved April 26, 2005.
* Novack, George, writing as "William F. Warde".
Who Will Change The World? The New left and the Views of C. Wright Mills.
International Socialist Review New York, Volume 22, No. 3, pp. 67-79. 1961. Transcription/Editing: 2005 by Daniel Gaido. HTML Markup: 2005 by David Walters.
George Novak Internet Archive. Retrieved April 26, 2005.
*
Libertarian Communist Library Archive*
New Left Notes - magazine of the revived Students for a Democratic SocietyU.K. New Left
*
Ali, Tariq.
Street fighting years: a autobiography of the sixties London: Collins, 1987. ISBN 0-00-217779-X
* Hock, Paul and Vic Schoenbach.
LSE: the natives are restless, a report on student power in action London: Sheed and Ward, 1969. ISBN 722005962
*
Scruton, Roger Thinkers of the New Left (Claridge Press, 1985).
U.S. New Left
*Archives
**
New Left Movement: 1964-1973. Archive # 88-020. Title: New Left Movement fonds. 1964-1973. 51 cm of textual records. Trent University Archives. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Online guide retrieved April 12, 2005.
**
Russ Gilbert "New Left" Pamphlet Collection: An inventory of the collection at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Online guide retrieived October 8, 2005*Reference
** Breines, Wini.
Community Organization in the New Left, 1962-1968: The Great Refusal 216 pp Rutgers University Press; Reissue edition (March 1, 1989). ISBN 0813514037.
** Evans, Sara.
Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement & the New Left 288 pages. Vintage (January 12, 1980). ISBN 0394742281.
** Frost, Jennifer.
"An Interracial Movement of the Poor": Community Organizing & the New Left in the 1960s 266 pp New York University Press (September, 2001). ISBN 0814726976.
** Gosse, Van.
The Movements of the New Left, 1950-1975: A Brief History with Documents Bedford St. Martin's, 2004). 224 pp. Bedford/St. Martin's (October 29, 2004). ISBN 0312133979.
** Isserman, Maurice.
If I had a Hammer: the Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left 259 pp University of Illinois Press; Reprint edition (June 1, 1993). ISBN 0252063384.
** McMillian, John and Buhle, Paul (eds.).
The New Left Revisited 280 pp Temple University Press. (Jan 2003). ISBN 1566399769.
** Oglesby, Carl (ed.)
The New Left Reader Grove Press(1969). ISBN 0887690700. Influential collection of texts by Mills, Marcuse, Fanon, Cohn-Bendit, Castro, Hall, Althusser, Kolakowski, Malcolm X, Gorz & others.
** Rubenstein, Richard E.
Left Turn: Origins of the Next American Revolution. 286pp Boston: Little Brown, (1973). 286p. 1st edition.
*Publications
** Munk, Michael.
The New Left: What It Is ... Where It's Going ... What Makes it Move. 22pp A National Guardian Pamphlet. New York. n.d. [1965]. Stapled softcover. Photos.
** Teodori, Massimo, ed.,
The New Left: A documentary History. London: Jonathan Cape (1970).
