New York City Subway
The
New York City Subway system, a large
rapid transit system operated by the
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in
New York City, is one of the most extensive public transportation systems in the world. Depending on the way multi-station complexes and closed stations are counted, there are around 470 stations[
1]; the MTA officially reports 468[
2]. There are 656
miles (
1056 km) of revenue track, with additional non-revenue trackage in
shops and
yards allowing for a total of 842 miles (
1355 km) of trackage.
There is pending
legislation that would merge the subway operations of MTA New York City Transit with
Staten Island Railway to form a single entity called
MTA Subways. [
3] The Staten Island Railway operates with
R44 subway cars on a fully
grade-separated right-of-way, but is typically not considered part of the subway, and is connected only via the free, city-operated
Staten Island Ferry.
Though it is known as "the subway," implying underground operations, about 40% of the system runs on above-ground
rights-of-way, including steel and occasionally
cast iron elevated structures, concrete
viaducts, earthen embankments, open cuts and, occasionally, surface routes. All of these modes are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossings, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with
flying junctions.
While the first underground line of the subway opened on
October 27,
1904, the first
elevated line in New York City, the
IRT Ninth Avenue Line, had opened almost 35 years earlier. The oldest structure still in use today (albeit reinforced) opened in 1885 as part of the
Lexington Avenue Line, and is now part of the
BMT Jamaica Line in
Brooklyn. The oldest right-of-way, that of the
BMT West End Line, was in use in 1863 as a steam railroad called the
Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road. Subway cars (
R44s) currently operate on the
Staten Island Railway, opened in 1860, but that is not usually considered part of the subway system since it shares no track connections with the subway system and must comply with
Federal Railroad Administration standards due to a previous track connection to mainland railroads.
By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two
privately-owned systems,
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later
Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and
Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The city was closely involved; every line built for the IRT, and most other lines built or improved for the BRT after 1913, was built by the city and leased to the companies (via the original Contracts 1 and 2 for the IRT subway, and the
Dual Contracts for later extensions and widenings). The first line of the city-owned and operated
Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the
elevated railways to be torn down.
In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city; some elevated lines closed immediately, and others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the and , and they now operate as one division,
Division B. Due to the having tunnel segments and stations too narrow to accommodate the 10-foot wide Division B cars, it has remained its own division,
Division A.
The
New York City Transit Authority was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city, and was placed under control of the
Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968.
In 1934, the BRT, IRT, and IND transit workers unionized into Local 100 of the Transport Workers Union. Since then, there have been three union strikes. In 1966, transit workers went on strike for 12 days, and
again in 1980 for 11 days. [
4] On
December 20,
2005, transit workers again
went on strike, over disputes with MTA regarding salary, pensions and retirement age, and health insurance costs. That strike lasted just under three days.
 |
South Ferry station and a train, later discontinued in May 2005. |
In
2002 an average of 4.5 million passengers used the subway every weekday.
A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from 400 to 700 feet (122 to 213 m) long to accommodate large numbers of people. Passengers enter a subway station through stairs towards station booths and vending machines to buy their fare, currently via the
MetroCard. After swiping the card at a turnstile, customers continue to the platforms. Some subway lines in the outer boroughs and northern
Manhattan have elevated tracks with stations to which passengers climb up.
Subway
tunnels were constructed using a variety of methods. When the IRT subway first opened in
1904, typical tunnel construction was the cut-and cover method. The street was torn up to dig out the tunnel below, then the street was rebuilt above. This method worked well for soft dirt and gravel near the street surface. However, thicker sections made of bedrock required tunnel boring machines.
Many lines and stations have both express and local service. These lines have three or four tracks: the outer two for local trains, and the inner one or two for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations. The
BMT Jamaica Line uses
skip-stop service on portions, in which two services operate over the line during rush hours, and minor stations are only served by one of the two. The
IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line used skip-stop until
May 27,
2005.
|
A simplified map, color-coded by services and showing major stations only |
A typical subway train has from 8 to 11 cars, although shuttles can have as few as two, and the train can range from 150 to 600 feet (46 to 183 m) long. As a general rule, trains on the lines inherited from the (the numbered lines) are shorter and narrower than the trains that operate on the / lines (those designated with letters). Since the original IRT sections—with narrower tunnel segments, tighter curves, and tighter platform clearances than the BMT/IND sections—are integral parts of the modern Division A, these lines do not run the wider Division B (/) cars, although all of the IRT built under the
Dual Contracts could technically handle Division B cars. Division A trains cannot run in revenue service on Division B routes due to the large gap that would result between the platform and train. All service and maintenance trains, however, are comprised of Division A cars, as these can fit the tunnels of all lines.
Subway stations are located throughout
Manhattan,
Brooklyn,
Queens and
the Bronx. All services pass through Manhattan, except for the Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown Local (), which connects Brooklyn and Queens directly without entering Manhattan, the
Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the
Rockaway Park Shuttle. Although a few stations close overnight or on weekends, the New York City subway is among the few rapid transit systems in the world that operate 24 hours a day, along with
PATH (connecting
New Jersey with Manhattan) and
PATCO (linking
Philadelphia with southern New Jersey). (Two individual lines of the
Chicago 'L' also run at all times. [
5])
In
1994, the subway system introduced a fare system called the
MetroCard, which allows riders to use cards that store the value equal to the amount paid to a station booth clerk or to a vending machine. The MetroCard was enhanced in
1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only transfers between subways were also added. The world-famous token was phased out in
2003, the same year the MTA raised the basic fare to $2 amid angry protests from passenger and advocacy groups such as the
Straphangers Campaign. In
2005, the MTA increased the prices of unlimited Metrocards, but left the base fare at $2.00.
The one major expansion that is being planned is the
Second Avenue Line. This line had been planned as early as the
1920s but has been delayed several times since then. Construction was started in the
1970s, but discontinued due to the city's fiscal crisis. Some small portions remain intact in
Chinatown, the
East Village, and the
Upper East Side, but they are each quite short and thus remain unused. [
6]
In this rather old system, most stations are not
handicapped accessible. The exceptions are new construction and "key stations", as required by the
ADA. See
New York City Subway accessibility for more details.
The MTA has recently begun a 20-year process of automating the subway. Beginning with the
BMT Canarsie Line (), the MTA has plans to eventually automate a much larger portion, using
One Person Train Operation (OPTO) in conjunction with
Communications-based Train Control (CBTC). The benefits of automated subways include cost, safety, and reliability. Automated systems can be safer because all the trains are in radio communication with each other, and their speed and position are carefully controlled. This will also lead to fewer delays and better service. The new system will replace decades-old electronics that frequently fail due to flooding. Automated metros are not entirely new; they already exist in
Vancouver,
Paris,
Singapore,
Nuremberg,
Lyon and
Copenhagen, and at many airports in the US and elsewhere including the
JFK AirTrain in New York City. (An experiment in automating the
42nd Street Shuttle in New York City, which began in
1959, ended with a fire at
Grand Central on
April 24,
1964.) The New York system is significant because it will be replacing an extremely large subway that is already in place.
Siemens Transportation Systems Group will be building the CBTC system.
|
The interior of an train during morning rush hour. |
On
July 22,
2005, in response to
bombings in London, United Kingdom, the
New York City Police Department introduced a new policy of randomly searching passengers' bags as they approached turnstiles. The NYPD claimed that no form of
racial profiling would be conducted when these searches actually took place. This has caused the NYPD to come under fire because these searches were deemed ineffectual if racial profiling was not used. "This NYPD bag search policy is unprecedented, unlawful and ineffective," said Donna Lieberman, Executive Director of the NYCLU. "It is essential that police be aggressive in maintaining security in public transportation. But our very real concerns about terrorism do not justify the NYPD subjecting millions of innocent people to suspicionless searches in a way that does not identify any person seeking to engage in terrorist activity and is unlikely to have any meaningful deterrent effect on terrorist activity." (Source:
North Country Gazette)
In August 2006 the MTA revealed that all future subway stations, including ones built for the the
Second Avenue subway, the
No. 7 line extension, and the new South Ferry station will be outfitted with special air-cooling systems to reduce the temperature along platforms.[
7]
Lines and routes
Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings, so that a train "line" is more or less synonymous with a train "route". In New York, routings change often as new connections are opened or service patterns change. The "line" describes the physical railroad line or series of lines that a train "route" uses on its way from one terminal to another.
"Routes" (also called "services") are distinguished by a letter or a number. "Lines" have names.
For example, the "D train," "D route," or "D service," though it can be colloquially called the "D line," runs over the following "lines" on its journey:
*In the Bronx, the
Concourse Line;
*In Manhattan, the
Eighth Avenue Line,
Sixth Avenue Line, and
Chrystie Street Connection;
*In Brooklyn, the
Fourth Avenue Line and
West End Line.
There are 26 train services in the subway system, including three short
shuttles. Each route has a color, representing the Manhattan trunk line of the particular service; a different color is assigned to the
Crosstown Line () route, since it does not operate in Manhattan, and shuttles are all colored dark gray. Each service is also named after its Manhattan (or crosstown) trunk line, and is labeled as local or express.
Trains are marked by the service label in either black or white (for appropriate contrast) on a field in the color of its mainline. The field is enclosed in a circle for most services, or a diamond for special services, such as rush-hour only expresses on a route that ordinarily runs local.
Rollsigns also typically include the service names and terminals. When the
R44 and
R46 cars were rebuilt the rollsigns on the side of the cars were replaced with electronic signs while the front service sign remained as a rollsign. All cars built since 1999, including the
R142,
R142A,
R143, and
R160, are equipped with digital signs on the front, sides, and interior. These newer cars also feature recorded announcements in lieu of conductor announcements.
New Yorkers usually refer to each line by the designator and the word train, i.e. the "A train", which can be used to refer to both a single train, "I'm on an A train", or the route, "take the A train." New Yorkers may often shorten the expression to simply the line's designation. For example: "Take the A to the 1" would mean to "Take the A train and transfer to the 1 train."
Division A () consists of:
Division B (/) consists of:
*.
Projected Division B service:
* (currently in design)
Division C consists of non-revenue operations, including track maintenance and yard operations.
The New York City subway has the world's largest fleet of subway cars. Over 6,400 cars (as of 2002) are on the NYCT roster. Cars purchased by the
City of New York since the inception of the and for the other divisions beginning in
1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number; e.g.:
R32. This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased. Cars with nearby contract numbers (e.g.:
R1 through
R9) may be virtually identical, simply being purchased under different contracts. Subway car models begin with the letter "R" and are followed by the last 2 or 3 digits of the contract number under which they were purchased. The "R" stands for Revenue service as originally used by the IND, however, others feel it now stands for Rolling Stock since the "R" is used on contracts for the purchase of anything that deals with subway and work cars (e.g. cars, wheels, other parts).
The system maintains two separate fleets of cars, one for the lines, another for the / lines. All IRT equipment is approximately 8'9" (~2.67m) wide and 51' (~15.5m) long while all operating BMT/IND equipment is about 10 feet (~3.0 meters) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches (18.4 meters) or 75 feet (~22.8 meters) long.
Though the equipment of the two fleets can operate on the same tracks, the key impediment to interoperation is the fact that the original two subway contracts built for the IRT were built to a smaller profile. This is because the IRT chose to use equipment substantially the same size as that already in use on all the pre-existing
elevated railway lines in the city. This profile was consistent with older lines in operation in
Philadelphia,
Boston and
Chicago.
When the
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company entered into agreements to operate some of the new subway lines, they made the decision to design a new type of car, 10 feet wide and 67 feet long, the subject of several patents, whose larger profile was more similar to that of
steam railroad coaches, permitting greater
passenger capacity, more comfortable seating and other advantages. The BRT unveiled its design to the public in 1913 and received such wide acceptance that all future subway lines, whether built for the BRT, the IRT or eventually, the IND, were built to handle the wider cars.
As a result, while most of the IRT lines could accommodate the larger BMT/IND equipment with modifications to the station platforms and trackside furniture, this is not deemed feasible, because the original, narrower, subway includes portions of both IRT
Manhattan mainlines, as well as a critical part of the
Brooklyn lines. This could be remedied, but at very great expense. On the other hand, it would be relatively easy to convert many of the
Bronx lines for BMT/IND operation; some of the plans for the
Second Avenue Line have included a conversion of the
IRT Pelham Line.
* According to the
United States Department of Energy, energy expenditure on the New York City Subway rail service was 3656
BTU/passenger mile (2397 kJ/passenger km) in
1995. This compares to 3702
BTU/passenger mile (2427 kJ/passenger km) for automobile travel. [
8]
* According to a
February 11,
2006,
New York Daily News article, the New York City Subway hit a 50-year record in usage in
2005, with ridership of 1.45 billion. According to the article, "New subway cars and other upgrades have made tube travel more reliable and have helped lure more than 23 million new riders to the rails in 2005 compared with the year before" ("TRACK RECORD: 1.5B RODE SUBWAY" by Pete Donohue).
* The article also cited the average fare as $1.27 per trip in 2005, which the transit authority claims is lower than the average fare in
1996.
* Until the replacement of the metal token, a popular scam was to jam the token slot in an entrance gate with paper. A rider would innocently drop a token in, be frustrated when it did not open the gate, and have to spend another token to enter at another gate. The token thief would then race out from hiding, and suck the token from the jammed slot with their mouth. This could be repeated many times so long as no
police officers spotted the activity. (
"TUNNEL VISION; The Kiss of Desperation: A Disgusting Practice Vanishes With the Token" by Randy Kennedy, The New York Times, April 8, 2003)
* In the late 1980's or early 1990's, enterprising transit riders discovered that tokens purchased for use in the
Connecticut Throughway toll booths were of the same size and weight as NY City subway tokens. Since they cost less than one third as much, they began showing up in subway collection boxes regularly. Eventually, Connecticut authorities agreed to change the size of their tokens.
* Whenever a fare increase was announced for the near future, NY subway riders faced a dilemma: should they purchase an oversupply of the current tokens in the hope that the same sized token would be used after the fare hike? In fact, the subway authorities watched for exactly this kind of ramp up of token purchases. If many riders did overbuy, then the authorities would introduce a different sized token, making the massive token purchases valueless. But if the riding population, once burned and twice shy, refrained from such overpurchases, then the authorities retained the old size token, and depreciated its value in the automatic token acceptors. As one was quoted in the newspapers, "It's a game that we can't lose."
* For the 75th anniversary of the subway in 1979, a special token with an embedded center and the number 75 was issued. Many were purchased for keepsakes and were not used for rides.
The subway is often seen as an integral part of the city and has had a place in popular culture for at least three quarters of a century. Many living in the area through the
1980s remember it for
crime and
graffiti, but these have since subsided.
*In the
1940s,
Billy Strayhorn composed the jazz piece "
Take the A Train", which soon became the signature tune of Washingtonian
Duke Ellington and his band. The composition was inspired by the train.
*Series of
baseball games between New York City teams are referred to as
Subway Series. It is said that early 20th century teams took the subway to their opponents' parks; the
New York Giants played at the
Polo Grounds, located near the
155th Street station of the
IRT Ninth Avenue Line and the
155th Street-Eighth Avenue station of the
IND Concourse Line, while the
New York Yankees played at
Yankee Stadium, near
161st Street station on the
IRT Jerome Avenue Line. Today, many fans rely on the subway system to travel to their teams' games; the , and trains serve Yankee Stadium, while the and (
IRT Flushing Line) provide access to
Shea Stadium at
Willets Point station.
*In addition to baseball, the subway system is heavily used by fans bound for
New York Knicks and
New York Liberty basketball games and
New York Rangers ice hockey games. These are all played in
Midtown Manhattan at
Madison Square Garden, which is served by the
IND Eighth Avenue Line ( at
34th Street-Penn Station) and the
IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line ( at
34th Street-Penn Station).
*In
1967 The Velvet Underground and Nico, the debut album of the American rock band
The Velvet Underground, included the track "
I'm Waiting for the Man," a song about buying heroin in
Harlem. The line "up to Lexington 125 / feel sick and dirty more dead than alive" references
125th Street on the
IRT Lexington Avenue Line.
*The Velvet Underground also used a painting of an old TA Subway Entrance with pink smoke coming out of it for the cover of their
1970 release,
Loaded.
*The entire
All In The Family episode
Mike The Pacifist (which aired in 1977) takes place on a subway train. A set was constructed at
Television City in Hollywood, which resembled the interior of a subway train traveling towards
Queens, New York.
*The second half of the 1974
The Odd Couple episode
The Subway Story takes place on a NYC Subway train interior, which was a constructed set as the show was filmed in
Hollywood, California.
*An episode of the television
situation comedy I Love Lucy from 1956, entitled
Lucy And The Loving Cup, has a scene in which
Lucy Ricardo (played by
Lucille Ball) is on a
Lexington Avenue Line NYC Subway train, with a loving cup stuck on her head, needing to go to
Bleecker Street.
*In the
1987–
1989 American television series
Beauty and the Beast, Vincent (the "Beast"), who lived in tunnels beneath the city (see "
Mole People"), would ride on top of a subway car to travel surreptitiously around the city.
*In the
1992 Seinfeld episode "
The Subway", a subway ride leads to four unique experiences.
Jerry Seinfeld befriends an overweight nudist;
George Costanza meets an attractive woman who invites him to her hotel room;
Elaine Benes misses a lesbian wedding; and
Cosmo Kramer wins a horse bet.
*The
1999 debut album from
Jennifer Lopez was called
On the 6, named after the line that she regularly rode while growing up in The Bronx.
*
Living Causes Death is a popular online Internet cartoon by Mike Gupta. It contains numerous references to the New York City Train system.
*In the
Futurama episode "
The Luck of the Fryish" (first aired
March 11,
2001), Bender uses the run down subway system, apparently still electrified, to get to Fry's old neighborhood. He hooks his feet up to the tracks and, just before leaving the station, says, "This is the Brooklyn-bound B-train, making local stops at where ever the hell I feel like it, watch for the closing doors!" and imitates the sound trains make just before the doors close.
Film
The New York City subway has been featured prominently in many films. One of its first color appearances is in the musical
On The Town, which was also one of the first films to shoot on location. One of the characters takes a fancy on finding "Miss
Turnstiles," a "typical rider" whose picture appears in many different poses on advertising placards. This is most likely derived from the "Miss Subways" publicity campaign by the transit authority. The campaign started in
1941 and was discontinued in
1976. It was resurrected in 2004 as "Ms. Subways".
*Probably the most notable appearance is in the
1971 film
The French Connection. The subway and car chase on and underneath the elevated
BMT West End Line is often considered the greatest chase scene in film history. [
9]
*The
1967 film
The Incident (which starred
Beau Bridges) takes place on a NYC subway train.
*The
1974 movie
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three focuses on the hijacking of a train in Manhattan.
*The
1974 movie
Death Wish has a few scenes on various lines of the NYC subway in which the character of
Paul Kersey (played by
Charles Bronson) gets to practice his questionable
vigilantism.
*The
1977 movie
Saturday Night Fever features a scene near the end showing Tony Manero, played by
John Travolta, taking an all-night ride on the Subway, during which he realizes his need to rise above and go beyond his childhood roots and seek a more meaningful life for himself.
*The
1978 movie
Superman has it's villain of the film,
Lex Luthor (played by
Gene Hackman), living beneath
Grand Central Station in
Metropolis (
New York City). There is also a scene in the film where Luthor's bumbling
henchman, Otis, (played by
Ned Beatty) has a run in with the law in the station itself.
*The
1979 cult film The Warriors focuses on a street gang taking the subway from upper Bronx to
Coney Island. The movie's heavily
graffitied cars contrast starkly with today's relatively clean subway system.
*The
1981 film
Nighthawks (starring
Sylvester Stallone) has a chase sequence with
Rutger Hauer on a subway train.
*The
IND Culver Line, particularly the
Bergen Street station, features prominently in the opening of the
1990 film
Jacob's Ladder.
*In the
1989 film
Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan,
Jason Voorhees is electrocuted on subway tracks after attempting to attack two teenagers on a train.
*In the
1990 drama
Ghost,
Patrick Swayze encounters
Vincent Schiavelli, a "subway ghost" who has haunted several trains in the system since being pushed onto the tracks while alive.
*The 1990 movie
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles featured
Judith Hoag's "
April O'Neil" character being attacked in the subway by
Shredder's "
Foot soldiers" before being rescued by one of the eponymous turtles and taken through the tunnels to the turtles' subterranean lair.
*The
1991 sequel to the first "Turtles" movie,
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, found the turtles residing in an old subway tunnel far beneath the current system. In one scene,
Ernie Reyes, Jr.'s character remarks that he "never got a seat on the subway system so fast" in his life after carrying odorous chemicals from the streets to the lair.
*The
1995 film
Hackers has a key scene which takes place on a New York City subway, in which
Jonny Lee Miller's character Dade "Zero Cool" / "Crash Override" Murphy,
Angelina Jolie's character Kate "Acid Burn" Libby, and the other hacker protagonists convene to plan their electronic strike against
Fisher Stevens' villainous character, Eugene "The Plague" Belford, who is threatening to create a worldwide ecological disaster.
*The 1995 film
Money Train took place in the subway system, with
Wesley Snipes,
Woody Harrelson, and
Jennifer Lopez playing
New York City Transit Police officers. The main plot of the film dealt with a plan to rob the MTA revenue collection train. The train scenes were actually filmed in Los Angeles on a specially constructed replica of the New York Subway system on an old railroad yard adjacent to Chinatown known as "The Cornfield."
*In
1997,
HBO held a contest wherein New Yorkers were encouraged to send in stories about their experiences on the system to be part of a documentary. The documentary,
Subway Stories: Tales from the Underground, included over ten stories featuring performances by actors such as
Denis Leary,
Steve Zahn,
Jerry Stiller, the late
Gregory Hines, and
Rosie Perez (who also helped to produce).
*In the
2000 Adam Sandler comedy
Little Nicky, the subway below
Grand Central Terminal possesses a portal to hell. At one point, Sandler's character saves girlfriend
Patricia Arquette from an oncoming train by throwing himself onto the tracks in her place; upon dying, he finds himself in heaven.
*In
2001, the producers of the drama
Don't Say a Word, starring
Michael Douglas and
Brittany Murphy, converted the abandoned
Lower Bay subway station in
Toronto to a station similar to
Canal Street. [
10]
*In
2004,
Spider-Man 2 featured a fight and crash scene on an out-of-control elevated train in Manhattan. In reality, the
R is not elevated at all; the scene was actually filmed on the
Chicago 'L'.
* In the 2004 film
Immortel (Ad Vitam), the
Egyptian god
Horus crafts a new leg for Nikopol out of a piece of abandoned subway
trackage in a
dystopian late
21st century New York City. Flying cars attached to overhead electric rails are portrayed as commonplace by
2095.
*The
2005 film
Madagascar features some computer-generated scenes on the
42nd Street Shuttle.
*The 2005 film
Rent featured several cast members dancing and singing while riding the train; this scene was actually shot on a set.
*
2005 New York City transit strike*
Graphical New York City Subway timeline*
Transportation in New York City*
List of rapid transit systems*
amNew York report: 100 years of the NYC subway*
MTA New York City Transit - Subways (official site, with detailed maps and schedules)
*
NYCsubway.org (a very thorough treatment of the current system and history)
*
The SubwayNut (a website of subway photos)
*
rapidtransit.net (the history, technology and politics of rail transit, concentrating on New York City)
*
Metro Bits -- photo page (station design)
*
Abandoned Stations*
Brooklyn's Culver Shuttle*
NYPIRG's Straphangers Campaign (Riders' Advocacy group)
*
Google Subway Map mashup shows subway system on Google Map, and allows address searching - the map is also syndicated on other sites such as
this.
*
Interactive map courtesy the Straphangers Campaign
*
Hopstop (online subway directions)
*
Daily News: No ban on subway pix*
NYCLU sues New York City over subway bag search policy - From the ACLU (a civil liberties organization) web site.
*
NYC Subway gallery*
Forgotten New York (photo essays of subway architecture, artwork and demolished/abandoned structures)
*
UrbanRail.Net New York page*
The New York Subway, its construction and equipment, 1904 publication from
Project Gutenberg*
iSubwayMaps.com iPod NYC Subway Map
