NEXTSTEP
NEXTSTEP is the original
object-oriented,
multitasking operating system that
NeXT Computer, Inc. developed to run on its proprietary NeXT computers (informally known as "black boxes"). NEXTSTEP 1.0 was released on
18 September 1989 after several previews starting in
1986, and the last release 3.3 in early
1995, by which time it ran not only on
Motorola 68000 family processors (specifically the original black boxes), but also generic IBM compatible x86/Intel, Sun
SPARC, and
HP PA-RISC. About the time of the 3.2 release NeXT teamed up with
Sun Microsystems to develop
OpenStep, a cross-platform standard and implementation (for Sun Solaris, Microsoft Windows, and NeXT's version of the Mach kernel) based on NEXTSTEP 3.2.
On
February 4 1997 Apple Computer acquired NeXT for $427 million, using the OpenStep operating system as the basis for
Mac OS X.
Traces of the NEXTSTEP/OpenStep heritage can still be seen in Mac OS X; for example, in the
Cocoa development environment, the
Objective-C library classes have "NS" prefixes, and the HISTORY section of the manual page for the
defaults command in Mac OS X straightforwardly states that the command "First appeared in NeXTStep." A
free software implementation of the OpenStep standard,
GNUstep, also exists.
NEXTSTEP was a combination of several parts:
* a
Unix-like operating system based on the
Mach kernel, plus source code from
UC Berkeley's
BSD Unix*
Display PostScript and a windowing engine
* the
Objective-C language and runtime
* an
object-oriented (OO) application layer, including several "kits"
* development tools for the OO layers
The key to NEXTSTEP's fame were the last three items. The toolkits offered incredible power, and were used to build all of the software on the machine. Distinctive features of the Objective-C language made the writing of applications with NEXTSTEP far easier than on many competing systems, and the system was often pointed to as a paragon of computer development, even a decade later.
NEXTSTEP's user interface was refined and consistent, and introduced the idea of the
Dock, carried through OPENSTEP and into
Mac OS X, and the
Shelf. NEXTSTEP also created or was among the very first to sport a large number of other
GUI concepts now common in other operating systems: 3D "chiseled" widgets, system-wide drag and drop of a wide range of objects beyond file icons, system-wide piped
services, real-time scrolling and window dragging, properties dialog boxes ("inspectors"), window modification notices (such as the saved status of a file), etc. The system was among the first general-purpose user interfaces to handle publishing color standards, transparency, sophisticated sound and music processing (through a
Motorola 56000 DSP), advanced graphics primitives, internationalization, and modern typography in a consistent manner across all applications.
Additional kits were added to the product line to make the system more attractive. This included Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which allowed easy
remote invocation, and
Enterprise Objects Framework, a powerful
object-relational database system. These kits made the system particularly interesting to custom application programmers, and NEXTSTEP had a long history in the
financial programming community.
The name was officially capitalized in many different ways, initially being NextStep, then NeXTstep, then NeXTSTEP, and became NEXTSTEP (all capitals) only at the end of its life. The capitalization most commonly used by "insiders" is
NeXTstep. The confusion continued after the release of the OpenStep standard, when NeXT released what was effectively an OpenStep-compliant version of NEXTSTEP with the name OPENSTEP.
The first
web browser,
WorldWideWeb, was developed on the NEXTSTEP platform. Some features and keyboard shortcuts now commonly found in web browsers can be traced to originally being native features of NEXTSTEP, which other web browsers for other operating systems later reimplemented as features of the browser itself. The basic layout options of HTML 1.0 and 2.0 are attributable to those features available in NeXT's Text class. The game
Doom was also largely developed on NeXT machines, as was
Macromedia FreeHand, the modern "Notebook" interface for
Mathematica, and the advanced spreadsheet
Lotus Improv.
| Version | Appeared! Comment |
|---|
| 0.9 | 1988 | first available version; for NeXT hardware only |
|---|
| 1.0 | 1989 |
|---|
| 2.0 | 1990 |
|---|
| 2.1 | 1991 |
|---|
| 3.0 | At the end of 1992 |
|---|
| 3.1 | May 1993 | Support for the i386, PA-RISC, and SPARC architectures. |
|---|
| 3.3 | 1995 | Last and most popular version released under the name NEXTSTEP |
|---|
|
*
A complete guide to the confusing series of names applied to the system*http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Microkernel/Mach/NeXT/
*
Intro to NEXTSTEP*
Steve Jobs demonstrates NeXTSTEP
