Nirnaeth Arnoediad
In
J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of
Middle-earth, the
Nirnaeth Arnoediad or
(Battle of) Unnumbered Tears was the disastrous Fifth Battle in the Wars of
Beleriand. The name was taken from the
Doom of Mandos: "Tears unnumbered ye shall shed...".
In the year 473 of the
Years of the Sun in the
First Age,
Maedhros decided that taking the offence against
Angband might help the
Noldor regain their former lands. In the almost two decades since their defeat in the
Dagor Bragollach, the Noldor had lost control over the entire north of Beleriand, and were for the most part reduced to refugees dwelling in
Hithlum and
Nargothrond.
Gondolin was shut and unknown.
Under the
Union of Maedhros all the
Elves of Beleriand, as well as the
Edain,
Dwarves, and the newly arrived
Easterlings were invited to combine in arms and fight Morgoth. The Union first cleared Beleriand and Dorthonion from the Orcs, and then gathered to assault
Thangorodrim.
The plan was for Maedhros's host to attack and draw out the army of Angband, after which Fingon's host would attack from the
Ered Wethrin, taking the offensive in the west.
Under Maedhros in the east were gathered the remainder of the
sons of Fëanor, the Elves and Men of
Himring under Maedhros and
Bór, and the men of Amon Ereb under
Caranthir and
Ulfang. Bór, Ulfang and their sons were the greatest chiefs of the Easterlings.
Under Fingon in the west were gathered the Elves and Men of
Hithlum, the Elves of the
Falas, the
Haladin of Brethil and the companies sent from
Nargothrond and the two Elves of
Doriath,
Beleg and
Mablung.
Because of the evil deeds of
Celegorm and
Curufin, two of Maedhros's brothers, Nargothrond would send only a small company of men under
Gwindor. From Doriath, where
Thingol had sworn never to support any son of Fëanor, came only
Mablung and
Beleg, who did not wish to remain behind. However,
Turgon unexpectedly came forth with over ten thousand Elves from
Gondolin.
But Morgoth through his spies had learned of the battle plan, and his spy Ulfang, who proved to be a traitor, delayed Maedhros. Meanwhile a small force of Orcs went forth from Angband, provoking the western host. Within sight of the Ered Wethrin, Gwindor's brother Gelmir, captured during the Dagor Bragollach, was brought forth, and brutally slain. Enraged, Gwindor broke ranks, and with him most of Fingon's troops as well as a part of Turgon's men. Their rage was so great that they nearly destroyed the Orc host and foiled Morgoth's plans.
It is said that Morgoth trembled as Gwindor's company pounded at his gates. They burst through, and slew the guards on the steps of Angband. But then, they were surrounded by hidden forces, and all were slain or taken. From hidden gates around Angband thousands of Orcs erupted, driving back the host of Fingon from the walls. The Elven army was driven back with great slaughter. Many Haladin fell in the rearguard.
Turgon, who had withheld his men from the reckless charge, now came upon the Orc-host. The phalanx of Turgon broke through the Angband lines, and met with the guard of Fingon, along with
Húrin son of Galdor. The meeting of the two brothers was glad.
Finally Maedhros arrived, but before he could meet with Fingon and Turgon ,
Glaurung the dragon and
Gothmog lord of
Balrogs met him. Still they might have won, but Uldor the accursed, son of Ulfang the Black and a traitor, turned ranks and attacked Maedhros in the rear, while more of his kin came down from the mountains and attacked. The eastern host was scattered, and only the valour of the
Dwarves of
Belegost helped them escape, as their lord Azaghâl and his forces held off
Glaurung, allowing the sons of Fëanor to escape into Ossiriand.
Azaghâl and his army fought with fierce iron masks on, and they were able to resist the dragon fire far better those of any race, whether Elves or Men. Then Glaurung trampled Azaghâl beneath his feet, but Azaghâl ran a dagger through Glaurung's stomach, and the dragon fled in pain, screaming. With him fled many of the host of Morgoth. In a solemn ceremony the Dwarves picked up their fallen leader, forgetting about the battle, and they marched his corpse home. Their wrath was so great that none troubled them.
All this had not helped the western host, who were attacked by many Orcs under Gothmog. The Armies of Fingon were separated from the others and he was left alone with his Guard to fight Gothmog. The Balrog scattered Fingon's host and killed his personal guards. In that mighty duel the Balrog could not win, but another Balrog caught Fingon from behind with his whip and Gothmog killed the defenceless Fingon.
Then
Húrin begged Turgon to retreat to Gondolin.
Huor and Húrin and the remaining Men of
Dor-lómin formed a living wall across the
Fens of Serech, buying time for Turgon to escape with most of the surviving Elves of the north. The Men of Dor-lómin were all slain, until Huor fell when his eye was pierced by a poisoned arrow, and his brother Húrin was captured alive when he was pinned under a mountain of slain Orcs and Trolls after he had slain no fewer than seventy Trolls.
Morgoth's victory was near complete, as he had destroyed all the people of Hithlum and had scattered the sons of Fëanor away from Himring. Morgoth's Orcs razed all of
Beleriand except for
Doriath, which was still protected by the Girdle of
Melian, and sacked the havens of the
Falas.
Morgoth betrayed his servants, the
Easterlings under Ulfang and sons (who had been killed themselves), trapping them in
Hithlum under penalty of death, and denied them the fertile lands of
Beleriand. Still Morgoth knew fear, for Turgon, now High King of the Noldor after the death of Fingon in the battle, had survived, and his city Gondolin was still unknown to Morgoth.
For their betrayal, Men were forevermore estranged from Elves, except for the Edain. It should be noted that the Easterlings under Bór and his sons remained faithful and were hailed as heroes.
The previous version of the story was drawn by Christopher Tolkien primarily from a text called the
Grey Annals, although the
Quenta Silmarillion was used as well. But in the writing of the long
Narn i Chîn Húrin, Tolkien wrote a new version of the battle which postdates both the GA and QS accounts. Christopher Tolkien did not incorporate the major changes of the new version into the
Silmarillion text, although he did take some phrasing and description from it.
The major difference is that Morgoth does much better against the Elves in this version than he did in the old one. The entire element of the "machinations of Uldor" delaying Maedhros' march is removed, and Morgoth sends a second force to meet Maedhros and prevent him from joining with the other elf lords. This version lacks the nearly explicit statement that the Elves would have won had it not been for the treachery of men.
Christopher Tolkien does not venture a guess on why Tolkien made these changes, but it may be that he felt the Elves did much better against Morgoth than they reasonably should have (especially given the extreme length and difficulty of the later
War of Wrath). This is all speculation, however.
Tolkien survived the
Battle of the Somme, where
Britain lost a great fraction a generation, due to unfamiliarity with
German Empire tactics. [
1] Britain eventually won the
war, with help from the West. However, Tolkien has stated his stories contain no intentional allegory.
