Northeastern United States
|
Regional definitions vary |
The
Northeastern United States is a region of the
United States defined by the
U.S. Census Bureau. The Northeast is bordered to the north by
Canada, to the west by the
Midwest, to the south by the
South, and to the east by the
Atlantic Ocean. Its largest city,
New York City, is also the largest city and metropolitan area in the United States.
As defined by the US Census Bureau, the Northeast region of the United States covers nine states:
Connecticut,
Maine,
Massachusetts,
New Jersey,
New Hampshire,
New York,
Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and
Vermont.
Maryland,
Delaware, and the
District of Columbia are often included in the region as well. Many government agencies, like the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the
National Weather Service (NWS) include Maryland, Delaware, and Washington D.C. in the Northeast. More old-fashioned sources restrict the Northeast to
New England, the
New York City area, and the
Philadelphia area. While the rest of Ohio is considered midwestern, greater
Cleveland and Northeastern Ohio tend to be culturally (through heritage and patterns of speech) more northeastern than the rest of the state.
The Northeast is also the wealthiest part of the United States. As of 2004, the US Census Bureau reported five out of the six wealthiest states, in terms of household income, as
New Jersey,
Connecticut,
Maryland,
Massachusetts, and
New Hampshire [
1]. As of 2005, the Bureau of Economic Analysis defined the six wealthiest states, in terms of Per Capita Income, as
Connecticut,
Massachusetts,
New Jersey,
Maryland,
New York, and
New Hampshire [
2].
New York alone accounts for more than 5% of U.S. gross domestic product
as of 2005.
The Northeast has a landscape varying from the rocky coast of New England to the fertile farmland of the
Ohio River Valley behind the
Allegheny Front in Pennsylvania. The
Isles of Shoals near the
Maine/
New Hampshire border begins the rocky Atlantic coastline of the Northeast. Jagged
cliffs rise up to a hundred feet above the
ocean on Maine's northern coast; south of
West Quoddy Head Peninsula in Maine, the eastern most point in the United States, the coastline subsides to sandy
beaches which extend through the rest of the Northeast's Atlantic coastline. Between
Cape Cod in Massachusetts and
Cape May in New Jersey are a series of large islands including
Nantucket,
Martha's Vineyard,
Block Island,
Long Island,
Manhattan, and
Staten Island.
Four major rivers'
mouths pierce the coastline to empty into the Atlantic: the
Delaware at the New Jersey/Delaware border, the
Hudson at the New York/New Jersey border, the
Connecticut in Connecticut, and the
Kennebec in Maine. The Kennebec River extends over one hundred
kilometers past
Augusta, Maine and into the thick
pine forests of Maine. The Hudson empties into
New York Harbor in the
New York metropolitan area and extends north between
the Berkshires and the
Catskill Mountains before it terminates in
Upstate New York at its
source in the
Adirondack Mountains. The
Mohawk River flows eastward from its source near
Utica, New York between the Catskills and the Adirondacks before merging with the Hudson north of
Albany. The Great Lakes also border northeast US.
The Connecticut River flows south, running along the border of New Hampshire and Vermont between the
Green Mountains and
White Mountains, before flowing through
Springfield, Massachusetts, and
Hartford, Connecticut, on its way to empty into
Long Island Sound. In the White Mountains of New Hampshire is
Mt. Washington, the tallest mountain in the Northeast and the
windiest location in the United States. The White Mountains were also the location of the famous geological formation called the
Old Man of the Mountain, which collapsed in 2003. To the east of the Green Mountains on the New York/Vermont border, and extending into Canada, is the
glacier-formed
Lake Champlain, where Vermont's largest city
Burlington is located.
The Delaware River flows from its source between the
Pocono Mountains and the Catskills down, forming the border between Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and passing through the
Lehigh Valley,
Trenton, and
Philadelphia areas before emptying into
Delaware Bay on the Delaware/New Jersey Border. The
Susquehanna River begins in the Catskill Mountains of New York and winds down a valley between the
Allegheny Plateau and the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania before crossing the border into Maryland, and emptying into
Chesapeake Bay.
To the North and West of the Susquehanna are the
Finger Lakes of New York, so called because they resemble human fingers, and the Northeast's borders with the
Great Lakes of
Lake Ontario in New York and
Lake Erie in both Pennsylvania and New York. On an
isthmus between the two Great Lakes on the New York/
Ontario border near
Buffalo is one of the most famous
waterfalls in the world,
Niagara Falls.
To the south, flowing out of the Allegheny Plateau is the
Ohio River which flows through
Pittsburgh and on into the
U.S. Midwest where it ultimately merges with the
Mississippi River.
The Great Lakes also border Northeastern United States, and the
Potomac River marks its southern boundary.
New England
New England is perhaps the best-defined region of the U.S., with more uniformity and more of a shared heritage than other regions of the country. New England has played a dominant role in American history. From the late 17th century to the mid to late 18th century, New England was the nation's cultural leader in political, educational, cultural and intellectual thought. During this time, it was the country's economic center.
The earliest European settlers of New England were
English Protestants who came in search of religious liberty. They gave the region its distinctive political format —
town meetings (an outgrowth of meetings held by church elders), in which citizens gathered to discuss issues of the day. Town meetings still function in many New England communities today and have been revived as a form of dialogue in the national political arena.
Education is another of the region's strongest legacies. The cluster of top-ranking universities and colleges in New England—including four of the eight schools of the
Ivy League, as well as
MIT,
Tufts, and numerous other elite colleges and universities—is unequaled by any other region. America's first college, Harvard, was founded at
Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1636. A number of the graduates from these schools end up settling in the region after school, providing the area with a well educated populace and its most valuable resource, the area being relatively lacking in natural resources, besides "ice, rocks, and fish". True to their enterprising nature, New Englanders have used their brains to make up the gap, for instance, in the 19th century, they made money off their frozen pond water, by shipping ice in fast clipper ships to tropical locations before refrigeration was invented.
As some of the original New England settlers migrated westward, immigrants from
Canada,
Ireland,
Italy, and
eastern Europe moved into the region. Despite a changing population, New England maintains a distinct cultural identity. It can be seen in the simple woodframe houses and quaint white church steeples that are features of many small towns, and in the traditional lighthouses that dot the Atlantic coast. New England is also well known for its mercurial weather, its crisp chill, and vibrantly colored foliage in autumn. The region is a popular tourist destination. As a whole, the area of New England tends to be progressive in its politics, albeit restrained in its personal mores. Due to the fact that the area is the closest in the United States to
England, the region often shows a greater receptivity to European ideas and culture in relation to the rest of the country.
The extreme southwestern part of the region (that is, the western third or so of
Connecticut) is sometimes considered culturally and demographically to be more like the
Mid-Atlantic region due to its proximity to
New York City.
The mid-Atlantic
These areas provided the young United States with heavy
industry and served as the "melting pot" of new
immigrants from Europe. Cities grew along major shipping routes and waterways. Such flourishing cities included New York City on the Hudson River, Philadelphia on the Delaware River, and Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay.
The Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a wider range of people than New England.
Dutch immigrants moved into the lower Hudson River Valley in what is now New Jersey and New York State.
Swedes went to Delaware. The English Catholics settled in Maryland. An English
Protestant sect, the Friends (
Quakers), settled Pennsylvania. In time, all these settlements fell under English control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities.
Early settlers were mostly farmers and traders, and the region served as a bridge between North and South.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania midway between the northern and southern colonies, was home to the
Continental Congress, the convention of delegates from the original colonies that organized the
American Revolution. The same city was the birthplace of the
Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the
U.S. Constitution in 1787.
Language, ethnicity, and religion
Culturally, the Northeast is somewhat different from the rest of the United States. While some regions of the
United States, such as the
U.S. South, are predominantly
Protestant, half of the states in the Northeast are predominantly
Catholic, with
Rhode Island having the highest percentage of Catholics in the U.S. The Northeast is also home to many other religious groups. For example,
New York has the highest percentage of
Jews in the nation, followed by
New Jersey and
Pennsylvania.
Connecticut and
Massachusetts also have a significant percentage of Jews relative to most other U.S. states. The Northeast also contains the highest concentration of
Italian-Americans and
Irish-Americans in the United States.
There are many different
accents in the Northeast, including:
* the
Boston accent, and more generally the New England family of accents, which extend from
Massachusetts,
Rhode Island,
Vermont,
New Hampshire and
Maine;
* the New York accent, known as
New York-New Jersey English* the
Philadelphia accent* the Pittsburgh accent, also known as "
Pittsburghese"
* the
Central Pennsylvania accent* the Baltimore accent, known as "
Baltimorese"
The Northeast is an ethnically diverse region, with high populations of
African-Americans,
Hispanics, and
Asians, though it has a generally low number of
Native Americans. The high level of diversity has much to do with
New York City, which was and still is an entry point for many immigrants, however, the other major cities of the region have significant ethnic diversity as well. The three largest cities in the census-defined Northeast (
New York City,
Philadelphia, and
Boston) have the same four largest ancestries:
African American,
Italian,
Irish, and
Puerto Rican.
As is the case in much of the United States, people from many
European American backgrounds live in the Northeast, although white Northeasterners frequently identify with their ethnic background more strongly than do whites from other U.S. regions.
Massachusetts, particularly in the
Boston area, is regarded as the
Irish capital of the US.
New York City,
Philadelphia, and
New Jersey have long been known for their many
Italian-Americans (many of whom have moved to outlying suburban areas). The
New York City borough of
Brooklyn also historically is a major center of the
Jewish-American population; while a significant community still lives there, in the mid-20th century
Jews made up over 50% of the borough's white population (the city as a whole also contained over 50% of the entire country's
Jewish population at the time).
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania is home to the famous
Pennsylvania Dutch (who are actually of
German descent), but now a large, vibrant Hispanic population lives there as well. Overall, the Northeast has high percentages of people of
Jewish,
Italian,
Irish,
Portuguese, and
French-Canadian descent. The cities of
New Bedford, Massachusetts and
Newark, New Jersey both have high populations of people of
Portuguese descent; increasingly so does
Mount Vernon, New York, a small city that borders
New York City to the north which also has a significant
African American and
Caribbean–
West Indian community.
The Northeast has the second largest Asian population in the United States, after the
West Coast. With the largest populations being
Indian (the largest concentration of Indian people outside India),
Chinese,
Korean, and
Filipino, in that order. There are also significant populations of
Japanese,
Vietnamese,
Thai, and
Cambodians. Majority of the Asian residents reside in
New York,
New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, and
Maryland.
Connecticut and
Delaware have sizable populations of
Asian Americans.
The Northeast has the third largest Hispanic population, after the
West Coast and the
Southwest. The majority of the nations Puerto Ricans reside here, with more Puerto Ricans than any other region, who mainly reside in the states of
New York,
Pennsylvania,
New Jersey,
Massachusetts, and
Connecticut. Also, the Northeast has the most people of "Other Hispanic" heritage in the country, with majority of them being
Dominican,
Central American,
Colombian, and
Brazilian. The Northeast also has the second largest population of
Cubans, but the most significant population of them, because the
South which has the most, but only
Florida has a sizable population of Cubans. However, the Northeast has one of the smallest populations of
Mexicans, but it has the fastest-growing population of Mexicans in the country, and there are many cities and towns with significant Mexican-American populations.
The Northeast also has the second largest population of
African-Americans, only behind the South. Most of the Black population resides in
New York, which has more Blacks than any other state,
Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and
New Jersey.
Massachusetts and
Connecticut also have large Black populations, but not as big as the others, and
Delaware has large percentage of it's population being African American, but small number wise. The Northeast also has the bulk of the
African immigrant population in the
United States.
Amid all of this diversity, the Northeast has three states with the highest percentage of White Americans. These being
Maine (96.9% White),
Vermont (96.9%), and
New Hampshire (96.2%). However, these three states all have high concentrations of
French Canadians, and many descendants of
English immigrants.
Urban, suburban, and rural
Much of the history of the Northeast is characterized by archetypical medium and large manufacturing cities. The sometimes urban character of the region gives it a strange mix of reputations. Some view the cities places of economic opportunity for this reason. In major northeastern cities,
gay villages and ethnic enclaves aren't uncommon and most of the cities have large, at times provocative,
artistic and
theatrical scenes. In the past century or so, religious and ethnic factionalism have become less and less of a concern. At the same time, the major cities are expensive and have wide disparities between rich and poor, often giving them a reputation for being impersonal and aloof. The decreased importance of manufacturing has left many of the cities without an economic base, giving some of them a reputation for
urban decay. Notable examples of cities left damaged and often severely depopulated due to loss of manufacturing include
Yonkers,
Utica,
Buffalo,
Syracuse, and even parts of
New York City in New York state;
Newark in New Jersey;
Lowell in Massachusetts;
Hartford in Connecticut; and
Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. However, examples dot the entire region and much of the neighboring region of the
American Midwest. Some of these cities, though, have enjoyed revivals in recent years, replacing their economic reliance on manufacturing with job development in the medical, technical and educational industries.
Pittsburgh, for example, now counts only 23% of its workforce in blue collar occupations according to a 2005 report from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. And the last of the city's infamous steel mills closed in 1998.
Though it generally is seen as having a very
urban character, at least in its most populated areas, the Northeast was one of the first regions to undergo heavy post-
World War II suburbanization. The most notable of these early suburbs was
Levittown in the
Long Island region of
New York, east of
New York City; Levittown is often regarded as the archetype of the "cookie-cutter" suburb where all houses and streets look pretty much the same. The
suburban spawl of
New Jersey is, likewise, famous, as is New Jersey's reputation for
urban decay.
Today, suburbanization is a rampant trend in United States housing development driven by widespread use of the
automobile and de-emphasis on
mass transit and
commuter railroads as a viable form of transportation. Nonetheless, the
subway of New York is widely used and iconic, and the
New York metropolitan area's
Long Island Rail Road,
Metro-North Railroad, and
NJ Transit commuter rail are the three largest regional rail systems in the country and together transport about one-third of commuters who use rail transportation in the United States each day.
Many of the major and secondary cities in the region utilize mass transit. Systems include Philadelphia's
SEPTA, Boston's
MBTA, and Pittsburgh's
PATransit. The
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey operates the
Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) mass transit system between New Jersey and
Manhattan.
Syracuse's
OnTrack transit service makes Syracuse the smallest city in the United States to have its own transit system, though it is not widely used. Further,
New Jersey Transit operates commuter rail throughout New Jersey and Maryland's
MARC Train system provides that state with rail transportation.
Today, the coastal Northeast is said to resemble a
megalopolis, or megacity, an interdependent network of cities and suburbs that blend into each other. Economically, the region provides many of the financial and government services the rest of the country and much of the world depends on, from New York's
Wall Street to Boston's academia to Washington's
K Street lobbying firms. The megacity is called
BosWash, for
Boston-Washington describing the width of the region from one metropolitan area to another, or Bosnywash, for
Boston-New York-Washington, describing the three primary metropolitan regions. It is linked largely by the
I-95 Interstate, which runs from
Florida, through
Richmond, around
Washington, D.C., through
Baltimore,
Philadelphia, New York, and up to Boston and into
Maine. By rail, the cities are linked by
Amtrak's
Northeast Corridor. Suburbs of Boston as far north as
New Hampshire and even
Maine as well as suburbs of Washington as far south as
Orange County,
Virginia are arguably all part of Bosnywash.
Some argue, notably political scientists
Ruy Teixeira and
John B. Judis in their book
The Emerging Democratic Majority, that city and suburb in Bosnywash and in other regions of the country are moving towards a state of economic and cultural seamlessness. Teixeira and Judis use the increasingly similar voting and demographic patterns of city and suburbs to make their argument. However, it is also evidenced in increasing population density and tightly-linked infrastructure. Along the
Gold Coast, the area across the
Hudson River from New York City, of New Jersey, population density has become so great that the state built the
Hudson-Bergen Light Rail system to decrease traffic congestion. This system complements the PATH system, New Jersey Transit commuter bus and rail service, a complex highway transportation system, and Port Authority Airports. Future expansion of Hudson-Bergen Light Rail could see it go to
Staten Island in New York City to the south and throughout
Bergen and southern
Passaic Counties to the north and northwest. Similarly, Boston's transit system links Boston with the surrounding suburbs very seamlessly. Further, much of the Northeast region is heavily linked by state-run commuter trains and Amtrak.
Despite the heavy urban/suburban characteristics of the region, many
rural characteristics survive. Much of
Upstate New York, and even as far south as
Westchester County have decidedly rural characteristics. Both Long Island and northern New York have relatively well-known wine producing regions. New York is a heavily agricultural state, and even New York City's boroughs of
Queens and
Staten Island had some sort of farm production well into the late 20th century. Small towns and cities dot western Massachusetts'
Berkshire region, as well as
Vermont,
Pennsylvania, western
Maryland, and
New Hampshire. While formerly important rural industries like farming and
mining have decreased in importance in recent decades, they persist.
Until World War II, the Northeast's economy was largely driven by industry. In the second half of the 20th century, most of New England's traditional industries have relocated to states or foreign countries where goods can be made more cheaply. In more than a few factory towns, skilled workers have been left without jobs. The gap has been partly filled by the microelectronics, computer and biotech industries, fed by talent from the region's prestigious educational institutions.
Like New England, the Mid-Atlantic region has seen much of its heavy industry relocate elsewhere. Other industries, such as drug manufacturing and communications, have taken up the slack. The economy of the
New York City and
Washington, DC sub-regions are more complex; the fortunes of the former are heavily (but far from completely) dependent on the financial industry and the stock market, the latter's economy is heavily reliant on the U.S. Federal government and related services.
As the
service sector is less dependent on heavy labor than the formerly dominant
industrial sector, the incentive unskilled immigrants and unskilled laborers once had to move to the Northeast has largely diminished. They lack the skills to compete in, for example, the financial, technical, educational, and medical markets. However, the Northeast remains a magnet for skilled workers from around the world.
The Northeast area is the wealthiest region of the country, and the
Upper East Side of the
New York City borough of
Manhattan hosts what is possibly the largest concentration of individual wealth in the world. The wealthiest state in the Northeast is Connecticut, with a per capita income nearly double that of some states in other parts of the country.
The Northeast region is known for its political
liberalism. For example, every state in the region voted for
John Kerry in the
2004 election. However, Pennsylvania is considered a Battleground state, meaning that either a Republican or Democratic Presidential candidate could win Pennsylvania. In 2000, Pennsylvania voted 51-47 for Al Gore; in 2004, it voted 51-49 for John Kerry. New Hampshire is also a battleground state. In 2000, it barely went to George W. Bush, but in 2004, John Kerry won New Hampshire 51-49.
Historical politics
Traditionally, the Northeast was a
Republican stronghold. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Republicans were economically and socially liberal, advocating open markets and endorsing the concept of free labor (a belief that laborers have the right to sell their labor in exchange for wages); therefore, the Republicans of the time generally opposed
labor unions and
slavery. From the
American Civil War until the
Great Depression, American politics were largely dominated by Northeastern Republicans and their business interests. The wealth and power of the Northeast during this period generated a great deal of animosity in other regions of the country with more
agrarian interests in part because of Republican domination. Some of that animosity still persists today.
The major cities were more likely to support the rival
Democratic Party and often were under the control powerful
political machines that dished out patronage (the most famous of these machines was
Tammany Hall in
New York City, which even held some political power into the 1960s). Immigration to Northeastern cities rapidly pushed the population of the region upwards from the 1790s until
World War II and the Democratic Party often won the support of these immigrants through political patronage. The Democratic Party was also the prevailing party in the
American South; despite occasional disagreements between theregional party factions, there was little interference between the two even if there were at times vast differences in ideology. The coalition between the cities of the North and the
agrarian South was perhaps ironic in the sense that the Northern Democratic Party was made up of ethnic interests (often Irish
Catholic) and unions while the Southern Democratic Party was the party of the
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant and enforcer of
Jim Crow laws designed to keep blacks from advancing after the Civil War. What the two factions shared were distaste for the Republicans.
Southern Democrats, as well as counterparts in western farming states, wanted to pursue populist and agrarian policies in opposition to Republican industrial interests. Their Northern counterparts wielded vast control over political machines controlled at times by ethnic interests, particularly the Irish in New York and Boston, and supported policies that weren't necessarily anti-industrial, but ostensibly designed to alleviate working class poverty. (Racism was sometimes a shared trait between Northern and Southern Democrats as well. While the South promoted slavery and later Jim Crow laws, the ethnic labor force of the North feared
African Americans would threaten their employment if they migrated to the cities and took their jobs.)
From the 1930s to the early 1990s, despite the power of labor unions, the Democratic Party was regarded as too economically illiberal (that is, supportive of heavy government interference in the economy and overly supportive of
social programs) for a region that had a large professional class. After
World War II, many professionals relocated to suburbs, causing them to take on decidedly Republican leanings as the cities remained largely Democratic enclaves. As a result, the Republicans remained competitive in the northeast during much of the remainder of the 20th century. Much of the remainder of the country was heavily supportive of the Democrats from the 1930s until
Richard Nixon's
Southern Strategy sundered regional party loyalty. When the Democrats began softening their economic policies in the early 1990s, suburban northeastern voters responded favorably and became more supportive of them. On the federal level, many northeastern voters have abandoned the Republican Party, sometimes associating it with reactionary and oppressive policies and other times merely preferring Democratic economic solutions (see
New Democrats). However, the local Republican Party affiliates in much of the Northeast remain more socially liberal than their counterparts in other regions of the country.
As of 2006, the governorships of many of the northeastern states are still controlled by the Republicans; this is due in part to tradition and in part to the party's pronounced social liberalism in the region.
Northeastern politics today
Since the late 20th century, the region's politics have largely explained by a strong coalition of demographics predominant in the North that are overwhelmingly Democratic. These groups include the majority
Catholic population with a significant urban, Democratic legacy (this would apply to the
Jewish population as well), artists, educators, and intellectuals of
New York City,
Boston,
Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh,
Baltimore,
Washington D.C. and the
Ivy League; the large minority populations of those same cities; a large socially conservative but economically liberal
blue-collar population throughout the region; and the often socially liberal suburbanites of
New Jersey,
Connecticut,
Maryland, and
New Hampshire. Pro-business policies espoused by the national Democratic Party since the election of
Bill Clinton in 1992 have drawn many upper-class white professionals into the Democratic fold who would have been Republicans as late as the 1980s.
This also continues its contrast and rivalry with the conservative
South that has existed since the founding of the United States. Within the Northeast, there are great political rivalries between the cities and the suburbs that surround them. This is particularly prominent in
Philadelphia, and
New York City (which even has
a secession movement), where the cities must compete with the suburbs and rural areas for state funding.
However, due to the increasing integration of the
BosWash megacity combined with the Democratic Party's increased willingness to appear pro-business, ideological differences have lessened between city and suburb in recent decades and they often appear to have a broadly united political stance, at least as far as federal politics are concerned. Over time, residents of the suburbs have begun facing problems once regarded as uniquely urban, such as gangs, urban crowding, and drug problems. At the same time, the suburbs have become increasingly ethnically diverse.
After the Civil War, and certainly before World War II, the Northeast had a large enough population to be the dominant political power in the United States. From the 1790s until the Second World War, most immigration to the United States at least came through the Northeast, and many of the new immigrants settled there to work in labor-intensive industries. The chief recipient of immigration was New York, which had the largest population of any state from the 1800s to the 1960s. Post-war migration patterns weakened the Northeast's power considerably. Industry left the region for other parts of the country that were less expensive, less crowded, and where
labor unions had less influence. Many industrial activities found homes overseas. People not only left cities for the suburbs, but also left the region entirely for the
West Coast and South. By the 1970s,
California had surpassed
New York as the most populous state and by 1994
Texas had pushed New York to third place. By 2020, Florida is predicted to push New York to the rank of fourth most populated state. While
New York City remains by far the largest city in the United States and a large recipient of immigrants, most immigration now comes from
Latin America to border states such as
Arizona, Texas, California, and
New Mexico. Secondary cities in the region, such as
Buffalo, never regained their economic foothold after the decline of industry, though larger and more famous cities such as New York and Boston developed sophisticated service economies.
Today, along with the West Coast and upper Midwest, the Northeast is one of three regions dominated by the Democratic Party.
See Notable New Englanders, List of people from New Jersey, List of people from New York, and Notable Pennsylvanians.*
Geography of the United States
