Object (grammar)
An
object in
grammar is a
sentence element and part of the sentence
predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the
verb. As an example, the following sentence is given:
In the sentence "''Mr Bibby kicked
the ball", "ball" is the object.
"Mr Bibby" is the
subject, the doer or performer, while "kick" is the
verb the action, and "ball" is the object involved in the action.
The main verb in the sentence determines whether there can or must be objects in the sentence, and if so how many and of what type.
Objects fall into three classes: a direct object, a prepositional object, and a non-prepositional indirect object. An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object. For example, if three sentences are considered:
*In "We threw stones",
stones is the direct object of the verb
threw.
*In "We listened to the radio",
the radio is the object of the preposition
to, and the prepositional object of the verb
listened.
*In "They advised him to open a shop",
him is the indirect object of the verb
advised.
The object may take the following
nominal forms, such as in this consideration of the verb
remember:
*As a
noun, it could be used in the context of,
I remembered Budapest. *The object in
I remembered to eat. is
infinitive.
*The object "eating" in the sentence
I remembered eating, is
gerund.
*In the sentence,
I remembered the old days, the object "the old days" is a phrase.
*In the sentence
I remembered that he had switched off the electricity, a
clause is invoked as an object.
*In the sentence,
I remembered "A Tale of Two Cities," a
citation is invoked instead.
In
inflected languages, objects may be marked using
morphological case. In many languages, the patient of a ditransitive verb is marked in the same way as the single object of a monotransitive verb, and is called the
direct object. The recipient has its own marking, and is called the
indirect object. In
Latin and many other languages, the direct object is marked by the
accusative case, while the indirect object is typically marked by the
dative case.
In more
isolating languages such as
English, objects are marked by their position in the sentence or using
adpositions (like
to in
I gave a book to him). Modern English preserves a case distinction for pronouns, but it has conflated the accusative and the dative into a single
objective form (
him, her, me, etc., which may function either as direct or indirect objects).
In some languages, the recipient of a ditransitive verb is marked in the same way as the single object of a monotransitive verb, and is called the
primary object. The patient of ditransitive verbs has its own marking, and is called the
secondary object. Such languages are called
dechticaetiative languages, and are mostly found among
African languages. Some claim that
English is also dechticaetiative, for example in the following sentences:
His colleagues gave
him a present.:I sent
my mother a card.
An object can be turned into a
syntactic subject using
passive voice, if the language in question has such a construction. In dative languages, the direct object is promoted, while in dechticaetiative languages the primary object is promoted.
In the immense majority of languages, where there is a preferred word order in the sentence, the object is placed somewhere after the subject.
Analytic languages additionally tend to place the object after the verb, so that it remains separate from the subject.
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Complement (linguistics)
