Obscenity
Obscenity has several connotations. The word originates in
Latin obscenus, meaning "foul, repulsive, detestable", (possibly derived from
ob caenum, literally "from filth"). The term is most often used in a context to describe expressions (words, images, actions) that offend the prevalent
sexual morality of the time.
Despite its long formal and informal use with a
sexual connotation, the word still retains the meanings of "inspiring disgust" and even "inauspicious; ill-omened", as in such uses as "obscene profits", "the obscenity of war", and the like. It can simply be used to mean
profanity, or it can mean anything that is
taboo, indecent, abhorrent, or disgusting.
The definition of obscenity differs from
culture to culture, between
communities within a single culture, and also between individuals within those communities. Many cultures have produced
laws to define what is considered to be obscene, and
censorship is often used to try to suppress or control materials that are obscene under these definitions, usually including, but not limited to
pornographic material.Because the concept of obscenity is often ill-defined, it can be used as a
political tool to try to restrict freedom of expression.Thus, the definition of obscenity can be a
civil liberties issue.
Obscenity law in
England and Wales is currently governed by the
Obscene Publications Act, but obscenity law goes back much further into the English
common law. The conviction in 1727 of
Edmund Curll for the publication of
Venus in the Cloister or the Nun in her Smock under the common law offence of
disturbing the peace appears to be the first conviction for obscenity in the United Kingdom, and set a
legal precedent for other convictions. These common law ideas of obscenity formed the original basis of obscenity law in other common law countries, such as the United States.
The Obscene Publications act is notoriously vague, defining obscenity as material likely to "deprave and corrupt". The
1959 act was passed just as most
Western countries were about to enter a new phase of
sexual freedom. The trial of
Penguin Books over
Lady Chatterley's Lover in
1960 failed to secure a conviction and the conviction in the
1971 trial of
Oz magazine was overturned on appeal. An attempt to prosecute the
University of Central England in
1997 over a copy of a library book by
Robert Mapplethorpe was abandoned amidst derision from
academics and
the media [
1].
During the
1960s and
1970s most Western countries legalised
hardcore pornography. By the
1980s the UK was almost the only
liberal democracy where the sale of hardcore pornography was still completely illegal, although ownership was not a criminal offence (except
child pornography). Home
videotape was a booming market and it was relatively simple for individuals to
smuggle hardcore material in from
Europe or the
USA, where it had been purchased legally, either for personal use or to copy it for distribution. This resulted in a considerable
black market of poor quality videotapes. Meanwhile, people attempting to buy pornography legally would often be stuck with heavily censored
R18 certificate material.
Whilst the authorities did their best to stay on top of illegal pornography they found that
juries, whilst not particularly liking the material, were reluctant to convict defendants where the material was intended for private use amongst consenting adults. During the
1990s the advent of the
internet made it easier than ever before for British citizens to access hardcore material. Finally, in
2000, following the dismissal of a test case brought by the
BBFC, hardcore pornography was effectively legalised, subject to certain conditions and licensing restrictions [
2]. It is still an offence to send obscene material by the
Royal Mail [
3]. In late August 2005, the UK announced that it plans to criminalize possession of extreme pornographic material, rather than just publication [
4].
After
1984 videotape sellers were more likely to be prosecuted under the
Video Recordings Act rather than the OPA. The VRA requires that all videos must have a certificate from the BBFC. If the BBFC refuses a certificate a video is effectively banned for home viewing, but not necessarily in the
cinema. Four films that were originally refused a certificate,
The Exorcist,
Straw Dogs,
The Evil Dead and
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre were granted a certificate in the late
1990s and have subsequently been screened on mainstream
television.
The
United States has constitutional protection for
freedom of speech, which is not interpreted to protect every utterance. The
Supreme Court has found that, when used in the context of the
First Amendment, the word "obscenity" means material that deals with
sex. In U.S. legal texts, the term "obscenity" now always refers to this "
Miller test obscenity". The Supreme Court has ruled that it is constitutional to legally limit the sale, transport for personal use (
U.S. v. Extreme Associates) or other transmission of obscenity, but that it is unconstitutional to pass laws concerning the personal possession of obscenity
per se. Federal obscenity laws at present apply to inter-state and foreign obscenity issues such as distribution; intra-state issues are for the most part still governed by state law.
Obscenity v. Indecency
The differentiation between
indecent and
obscene material is a particularly difficult one, and a contentious
First Amendment issue that has not fully been settled. Similarly, the level of offense (if any) generated by a
profane word or phrase depends on region, context, and audience.
Recent obscenity cases in the US
In 2005, the
United States Justice Department, under
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, promised to start a "war" on adult entertainment. An early blow to sexually explicit websites was the expansion of
18 USC 2257 requirements regarding record keeping, model consent, evidence and public accessibility; the regulations are now interpreted such that records be kept for any and all imagery - including such which had not previously had such requirements - which caused many sexual sites to shut down citing the difficulties of obtaining consent in the requisite forms from previous years, or the regulatory burden imposed. In
September of that year a further attack on sexual material came as an
FBI "Anti-Porn Squad" was formed, which has initially targeted for prosecution websites such as
Red Rose Stories, one of many sites providing text-only fantasy stories. Other sites such as
BeautyBound, run by
Midori, a prominent
BDSM teacher and author on
Japanese bondage, have closed down despite not being targeted, due to these risks and legislative burdens.
Past standards
These standards were once used to determine exactly what was obscene. All have been invalidated, overturned, or superseded by the
Miller Test.
*
Hicklin test: the effect of isolated passages upon the most susceptible persons. (British common law, cited in Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 - overturned when Michigan tried to outlaw all printed matter that would 'corrupt the morals of youth' in Butler v. State of Michigan 352 U.S. 380 (1957))
*
Wepplo: If material has a substantial tendency to deprave or corrupt its readers by inciting lascivious thoughts or arousing lustful desires. (People v. Wepplo, 78 Cal.App.2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853).
*
Roth Standard: "Whether to the average person applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the
prurient interest".
Roth v. United States 354 U.S. 476 (1957) - overturned by Miller
*
Roth-Jacobellis: "community standards" applicable to an obscenity are national, not local standards. Material is "utterly without redeeming social importance". Jacobellis v. Ohio 378 US 184 (1964) - famous quote: "I shall not today attempt further to define
[hardcore pornography] ...But I know it when I see it".
*
Roth-Jacobellis-Memoirs Test: Adds that the material possesses "not a modicum of social value". (A Book Named
John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966))
Under
FCC rules and federal law, radio stations and over-the-air television channels cannot air obscene material at any time and cannot air
indecent material between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m.: language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or
excretory organs or activities (indecency is less intense than obscenity).
Many historically important works have been described as obscene,or prosecuted under obscenity laws. For example, the works of
Charles-Pierre Baudelaire,
Lenny Bruce,
William S. Burroughs,
James Joyce,
D. H. Lawrence,
Henry Miller, the words "
piss" and "
erection" in the
UK 1950s premier of
Samuel Beckett's play
Waiting for Godot, and the
Marquis de Sade.
U.S. activity and court cases dealing with obscenity
*In
Miller v. California, the Supreme Court ruled that materials were obscene if they appealed, “to a prurient interest,” showed “patently offensive sexual conduct” that was specifically defined by a state obscenity law, and “lacked serious artistic, literary, political, or scientific value.” Decisions regarding whether material was obscene should be based on local, not national, standards.
*In
Reno v. ACLU, the Supreme Court struck down indecency laws applying to the Internet, which casts serious doubt on Congress's ability to pass such wide-ranging regulation banning "indecent" speech on communications technologies that enter the home.
*
FCC v. Pacifica is better known as the landmark “seven dirty words” case. In that 1978 ruling, the Justices found that only “repetitive and frequent” use of the words in a time or place when a minor could hear can be punished.
*In 1998 a jury in
St. Tammany Parish,
New Orleans convicted Christine Brenan of "promoting obscene devices". They gave her a two-year suspended sentence, five years of probation and a fine of $1,500. The 1st Circuit Court of Appeals later struck down the law, ruling it unconstitutionally vague.
*The 1999
Law and Government of Alabama (Ala. Code. § 13A-12-200.1) made it
"unlawful to produce, distribute or otherwise sell sexual devices that are marketed primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs." Alabama claimed that these products were obscene, and that there was
"no fundamental right to purchase a product to use in pursuit of having an orgasm. The
ACLU challenged the statute, which was overturned in 2002. A federal judge reinstated the law in 2004.
*In 2000 a jury in
Provo, UT found Larry Peterman not guilty on obscenity charges, as the defense showed that residents of the town were disproportionately large consumers of the very materials Peterman was selling. (
See Provo, UT)
*On
2005-01-20, in
United States v. Extreme Associates, it was initially ruled that the statutes against the distribution of obscenity are
unconstitutional. However this was overturned on appeal, the Appeal court ruling that what was protected was
"a right to a protective zone ensuring the freedom of a man's inner life", and noting a previous ruling in which higher courts
"declined to equate the privacy of the home relied on in Stanley with a 'zone of privacy' that follows a distributor or a consumer of obscene materials wherever he goes." It also ruled that the lower court erred in attempting to overturn a Supreme Court ruling, which was reserved for the Supreme Court itself to do. It is unknown at this time if there will be an appeal of this latest ruling.
*On or around
2005-10-03,
Red Rose Stories, a
website providing a wide range of everyday and more extreme erotic stories , was raided in the owner's absence by the
FBI's recently founded 'Anti-Porn Squad'. Until this time, written stories alone had not been a target for any obscenity case. Rose posted an open letter on the website stating that
"I am being charged with 'OBSCENITIES' and face a minimum term of 3 years in a federal prison. Our stories are NOT protected speech. Please, please, be careful out there. When it comes to free speech SEX STORIES are NOT covered. The ONLY legal sex stories are those that involve a man and a woman, consenting to MISSIONARY POSITION SEX, in a dark room ... They are trying to say fantasy stories are illegal." [
5]. Also,
"it appears the Porn Squad has been told that the best possibility of prosecution includes golden showers, scat ... and BDSM along with other fringe fetishes... [the US] government is not targeting kiddie porn only" [
6]. No indictment or official prosecution has yet been announced, however the case is seen as a potential landmark in US approaches to sexually explicit material. It seems possible that the basis of any legal case would be inter-state distribution (via the
internet) of obscene material (but see Extreme Associates, above).
* As noted on
Truetales.org::# "Beginning in late
September 2005, a number of Websites containing SM material chose to delete that material or shut down, in response to the information in the Washington Post article. Among the Websites to censor themselves have been atruerose.com, kinkygurl.com, leatherquest.com, suicidegirls.com, UnderMySkirt.org, and three related Websites, houseofdesade.org, grandpadesade.com, and realbdsm.com.
Midori's BeautyBound.com shut down as well, because of other U.S. legislation against erotic material.":# "According to various media sources, on
2005-10-07 the Webmaster of Now That's Fucked Up, a Website for user-submitted amateur photos, was arrested for obscenity... after his Website received national attention for permitting U.S. soldiers overseas to post pictures showing war dead. There is no indication that the FBI was involved in this case."
* In
April 2006, the four main US
television networks and some 800 affiliated stations, sued the
Federal Communications Commission which had recently increased in great measure both the strictness of its obscenity rules, and the penalties associated with sexual language. The networks claim that the FCC outstepped both its authority and precedent, that the old rules were drafted for a time when expectations were tighter and choice more limited, that they are hindered by rules not applicable to the hundreds of other stations available now, and that the changes were
unconstitutional. [
7]
*
Sexual norm*
Blasphemy*
Indecency*
Censorship*
Obscene phone call*
Seven dirty words*
Censorship in the United States*
Profanity*
Freedom of speech*
Freedom of speech in the United States*
First Amendment to the United States Constitution*
Legal status of internet pornography*O'Toole, L. (1998), Pornocopia: Porn, Sex, Technology and Desire, London, Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1852423951
*
The Melon Farmers (UK)*
Chapter 71 of Part I of Title 18 of the
United States Code, relating to obscenity. Hosted by the Legal Information Institute.
*
"A resource for educating the public and reporting violations of internet obscenity laws"*
2005, Senate Commerce, Science & Transportation Cmte. Hearing on Decency in the Media archive at CSpan. [
8]
*
Ethical Specticle article on problems with definition of obscenity
*
"Under Color of Law: Obscenity vs. First Amendment" Nexus Journal (
Chapman University Law School) article on problems with definition of obscenity.
*
Truetales.org report on "recent FBI oscenity raids" (
2005-10-24)
