Old Persian language
Old Persian also known as
Aryan language, is the name given to the an ancient Persian tongue by the Achaemenid King of Kings (Shahenshahs). Old Persian is the oldest attested
Persid language. It is classified in the group of
Western Iranian languages, subgroup of
Indo-Iranian languages (and thus the
Indo-European languages).
This language was used in the inscriptions of the
Achaemenid Emperors. Old Persian texts (including inscriptions, tablets and seals) have been found in
Iran,
Turkey and
Egypt. It evolved into the
Parthian, Middle Persian language (
Pahlavi) of
Sassanid Iran, and eventually into the modern
Persian language.
Old Persian was written from left to right in a kind of
Cuneiform script. Old Persian cuneiform contains 36 signs which represent
consonants,
vowels, or sequences of single consonants plus vowels, a set of three numbers (1, 10, 100), one word divider, and eight
ideograms. It is essentially alphabetic in nature.
While the letters may look like
Sumero-
Akkadian cuneiform, only one,
L, derives from that script. (
L didn't occur in native Old Persian words, but was found in Akkadian borrowings.) Scholars today mostly agree that the Old Persian script was invented by about
525 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the
Achaemenid king
Darius the Great.
Although based on a logo-syllabic prototype, the system is essentially alphabetic in character. 13 out of 22 consonants are invariant, regardless of the following vowel (that is, they are alphabetic), while only 6 have a distinct form for each consonant-vowel combination (that is, they are syllabic), and among these, only
d and
m occur in three forms for all three vowels. (
k, g, j, v only occur before two of the vowels, and so only have two forms.) In addition, 3 consonants,
t, n, r, are partially syllabic, having the same form before
a and
i, and a distinct form only before
u. For instance, =< could be
na or
ni, whereas <<= is specifically
nu. Ambiguous syllables such as =<
na/ni must be followed by a vowel for clarification, but in practice even unambiguous syllables such as <<=
nu, or fully syllabic
ma, mi, mu, are followed by explicit vowels.
The effect is not unlike the English sound, which is typically written
g before
i or
e, but
j before other vowels (
gem, jam), or the Castillian Spanish sound, which is written
c before
i or
e and
z before other vowels (
cinco, zapato). It is more accurate to say that some of the Old Persian consonants are written by different letters depending on the following vowel, rather than classifying the script as syllabic. This situation had its origin in the
Assyrian cuneiform syllabary, where several syllabic distinctions had been lost and were often clarified with explicit vowels. However, in the case of Assyrian, the vowel was not always used, and was never used where not needed, so the system remained (logo-) syllabic.
For a while it was speculated that the alphabet could have had its origin in such a system, with a leveling of consonant signs a millennium earlier producing something like the
Ugaritic alphabet, but today it is generally accepted that the Semitic alphabet arose from Egyptian
hieroglyphs, where vowel notation was not important. (See
Middle Bronze Age alphabets.)
The Old Persian script is encoded in Plane 1 (
Supplementary Multilingual Plane) of
Unicode 4.1, occupying code points 103A0â€"103DF.
*
Ancient Iranian Languages & Literature: The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)*
Aryan (Old Persian) Language*
Persian language*
Avestan language*
Behistun Inscription*
Iranian Languages Group*
Decipherment of Persian Cuneiform*
Old-Persian Cuneiform Inscription*
The Ancient Persian Alphabet
