Original sin
This article deals with theology. For the movie, see Original Sin (film)According to Christian tradition,
Original sin is the condition of (lack of holiness) into which human beings are born. It is also called
hereditary sin or
birth sin. Used with the definite article ("the original sin"), it refers to the first sin committed by mankind, seen as the seed of future evil effects for the whole human race. Christians usually refer to this first sin as "
the Fall".
By analogy the term is used in fields other than religion to indicate a pervading inherent flaw.
Classical Biblical view
Adam and Eve's sin, as recounted in the
Book of Genesis is sometimes called in Hebrew "חטא "ק"מון (the original sin), on the basis of the traditional Christian term. But the term used in classical Jewish literature is חטא א"ם "ראשׁון, (the first sin of man, or of Adam).
The account in
Genesis 2-3 implies that
Adam and Eve initially lived in a state of intimate communion with
God. The narrative reads that God "made various trees grow that were delightful to look at and good for food, with the tree of life in the middle of the garden and the tree of the knowledge of good and bad (Genesis 2:9, NAB)." God then forbid Adam to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge warning him that he would surely die if he did so. Man was not forbidden to eat from the tree of life initially, but was after breaking the commandment to not eat of the tree of knowledge. God said "The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever." (Genesis 3:22-23). See "The
Tree of Life and"The
Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil" (Genesis 2:15-17).[
1] The
serpent persuaded Eve to eat from the tree and "she also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it (Genesis 3:6b, NAB)." After eating the fruit Adam became aware of his
nakedness (Genesis 3:1-7).[
2] God bestowed a curse upon each of the active participants. First the earth is cursed with thorns. Next the serpent's physical form is altered and God sets up an eternal enmity between Eve and the serpent and all their offspring (Genesis 3:9-15).[
3] God then pronounces two curses upon Eve. First, she is to suffer the difficulties of pregnancy. Second, her husband will henceforth rule over her. God then tells Adam that he will now struggle for his sustenance (Genesis 3:16-21).[
4]
Note that Adam and Eve are not expelled from the garden for their disobedience. Literally, the narrative reads that God did not want them to eat from the Tree of Life and so expelled them.
Garden of Eden(Genesis 3:22-24).[
5]
Reform and Conservative Judaism's views
The more modern liberal branches of
Judaism, such as
Reform Judaism and
Conservative Judaism, which see no "evil" other than the evil actions of human beings, disagree with traditions that identify the serpent with
Satan. Eve's only transgression was that she disobeyed God's order. Adam was with her the entire time and at no time stopped her. Therefore, it is incorrect to blame Eve alone. Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden and had to live ordinary, human lives. In other words, they had to "leave home" and grow up and live as responsible human beings. If they had never eaten from the forbidden tree, they would never have discovered their capacity to act with
free will in the world. God lets mankind make its own choices between good and evil.
Many Gnostic sects (particularly the
Ophites) saw the figure of the serpent as a divine benefactor and liberator of humanity, rather than as
Satan,
Lucifer, or any other ill-intentioned figure. They held that the world was created by the
Demiurge, an imperfect creator who wished to rule it as a tyrant. However, the spirit of
Christ interfered by possessing the serpent and telling Eve to eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Eating from this tree allowed Adam and Eve to have free will and thus defy, if need be, their Demiurge creator. Therefore, according to many Gnostics, what
Christians call
the Fall of Man was really the freeing of humanity's minds and souls.
The original sin in Islam
The
Qur'an recounts the story of Adam and Eve in a similar way to that of the
Bible. However, the blame of disobedience is put on both of them not just on Eve. Eve never convinces Adam to sin.
This episode is mentioned in the Qur'an in several places. Amongst them are:
*
2:36 "But Satan caused them to deflect therefrom and expelled them from the (happy) state in which they were; and We said: Fall down, one of you a foe unto the other! There shall be for you on earth a habitation and provision for a time."
*
7:20 "Then Satan whispered to them that he might manifest unto them that which was hidden from them of their shame, and he said: Your Lord forbade you from this tree only lest ye should become angels or become of the immortals."
*
7:21 "And he swore unto them (saying): Lo! I am a sincere adviser unto you."
*
7:22 "Thus did he lead them on with guile. And when they tasted of the tree their shame was manifest to them and they began to hide (by heaping) on themselves some of the leaves of the Garden. And their Lord called them, (saying): Did I not forbid you from that tree and tell you: Lo! Satan is an open enemy to you?"
*
7:23 "They said: Our Lord! We have wronged ourselves. If thou forgive us not and have not mercy on us, surely we are of the lost!"
Adam and Eve are forgiven by God after they repent:
*
2:37 "Then Adam received from his Lord words (of revelation), and He relented toward him. Lo! He is the relenting, the Merciful."
Therefore, the idea that the sin propagates to their offspring is categorically refused by the majority of
Sunni and
Shia muslims, citing
ayahs such as:
6:164 "Say: Shall I seek another than Allah for Lord, when He is Lord of all things? Each soul earneth only on its own account, nor doth any laden bear another's load. Then unto your Lord is your return and He will tell you that wherein ye differed. " and
2:286 "Allah tasketh not a soul beyond its scope. For it (is only) that which it hath earned, and against it (only) that which it hath deserved. Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget, or miss the mark! Our Lord! Lay not on us such a burden as thou didst lay on those before us! Our Lord! Impose not on us that which we have not the strength to bear! Pardon us, absolve us and have mercy on us, Thou, our Protector, and give us victory over the disbelieving folk." That is to say, all children are born without sin in the state of purity.
The original sin in the Unification Church
Unification Church members believe that there were an actual
Adam and Eve although the names were not necessarily the same. The story of the fall, as written in the
Bible, is interpreted by Unificationists as an actual historical event rather than a
parable. Ironically however, some elements in the story of the fall in
Genesis, the Tree of Life, the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, the forbidden fruit, and the snake, are believed to be, by Unificationists, symbolic
metaphors for ideal man, ideal woman, sexual intercourse, and
Satan respectively. The essence of the fall is that Eve was convinced by an angelic being (Satan) to center her love on Satan instead of God (
Yahweh). Eve then convinced Adam to center his love also on Satan. This was consummated through sexual intercourse between Adam and Eve apart from the will of God. Unificationists generally believe there was a "spiritual (sexual) fall," between Eve and the angel, and a "physical (sexual) fall" between Eve and Adam. Some Unificationists also regard Cain killing Abel as a third fall, however this is a minority viewpoint. Unificationists have the literal belief, based on their strict moral code of "absolute love" and sexual purity and the need for indemnity, that since the "fall of humanity" all of human history has been a constant
manichaean struggle between the forces of "God" and "Satan" to correct this original mistake.
Unification theology views the Biblical tale of the fall partially in symbolic terms. The serpent here, as in some other interpretations, represents
Lucifer. Eve's acceptance of the fruit symbolizes an act of adultery, by which evil enters into Eve; Adam's acceptance of the fruit likewise is an act of intercourse, which spreads the evil from Eve to Adam. Having not waited until they had reached a more perfect form, they became tainted with sin.
The Unification Church sees the four aftereffects of the fall as:# a failure to see from God's viewpoint and love as God loves# a failure to receive God's love# a reversal of dominion# a multiplication of evil.
The chapter of the
Divine Principle explaining the fall and original sin. [
6].
Unificationists believe that original sin is forgiven through the
Blessing Ceremony.
There are wide-ranging disagreements among Christian groups as to the exact understanding of the doctrine about a state of sinfulness or absence of holiness affecting all human beings, even children, with some Christian groups denying it altogether.
Original sin in the New Testament
The doctrine of original sin is thought by some to be implied in the Apostle Paul's description of human sinfulness as no less universal than Christ's free gift of righteousness, especially in the verses here italicized:
"Therefore as sin came into the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all men sinned - sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted where there is no law. Yet death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those whose sins were not like the transgression of Adam, who was a type of the one who was to come. But the free gift is not like the trespass. For if many died through one man's trespass, much more have the grace of God and the free gift in the grace of that one man Jesus Christ abounded for many. And the free gift is not like the effect of that one man's sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but the free gift following many trespasses brings justification. If, because of one man's trespass, death reigned through that one man, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man Jesus Christ. Then as one man's trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one man's act of righteousness leads to acquittal and life for all men. For
as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by one man's obedience many will be made righteous. Law came in, to increase the trespass; but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more, so that, as sin reigned in death, grace also might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord" (Romans (RSV) 5:12-21).
Those who identify original sin with
concupiscence apply to it also Paul's description of a general experience: "I do not understand my own actions. For I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate. Now if I do what I do not want, I agree that the law is good. So then it is no longer I that do it, but sin which dwells within me. For I know that nothing good dwells within me, that is, in my flesh. I can will what is right, but I cannot do it. For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I do. Now if I do what I do not want, it is no longer I that do it, but sin which dwells within me. So I find it to be a law that when I want to do right, evil lies close at hand. For I delight in the law of God, in my inmost self, but I see in my members another law at war with the law of my mind and making me captive to the law of sin which dwells in my members. Wretched man that I am! Who will deliver me from this body of death?" (Romans 7:15-24).
Those who see original sin not as a positive reality but as something merely negative, namely lack of holiness, see the doctrine as implicit also in the teaching of Jesus, as expressed, for example, in the words: "I am the vine, you are the branches. He who abides in me, and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing" (John 15:5).
The
Catechism of the Catholic Church says:
By his sin Adam, as the first man, lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God, not only for himself but for all human beings.Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice; this deprivation is called "original sin".
As a result of original sin, human nature is weakened in its powers, subject to ignorance, suffering and the domination of death, and inclined to sin (this inclination is called "concupiscence").
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 416-418
By yielding to the tempter, Adam and Eve committed a
personal sin, but this sin affected
the human nature that they would then transmit in a
fallen state ... original sin is called "sin" only in an analogical sense: it is a sin "contracted" and not "committed" - a state and not an act" (404). This "state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature" (
Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 76) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part (cf.
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 405). Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam's, who because of his sin, was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed, in this way implicating them in his sin.
Though Adam's sinful act is not the responsibility of his descendants, the state of human nature that has resulted from that sinful act has consequences that plague them: "Human nature, without being entirely corrupted, has been harmed in its natural powers, is subject to ignorance, suffering and the power of death, and has a tendency to sin. This tendency is called concupiscence" (
Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 77), but is distinct from original sin itself .
The Church has always held baptism to be "for the remission of sins", and, as mentioned in
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 403, infants too have traditionally been baptized, though not guilty of any actual personal sin. The sin that through baptism was remitted for them could only be original sin, with which they were connected by the very fact of being human beings. Based largely on this practice, Saint
Augustine of Hippo articulated the teaching in reaction to
Pelagianism, which insisted that human beings have of themselves, without the necessary help of God's grace, the ability to lead a morally good life, and thus denied both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good.
The Catholic Church did not accept all of Augustine's ideas, which he developed to counter the claim by Pelagius that the influence of Adam on other human beings was merely that of bad example. For instance, the Church did not adopt the opinion that involvement in Adam's guilt and punishment takes effect through the dependence of human procreation on the sexual passion, in which the spirit's inability to control flesh is evident.
There is a close link between the notion of original sin and the Catholic doctrine of the
Immaculate Conception of
Mary, namely the Church's teaching that, in view of the saving power of the future death and resurrection of her son
Jesus, she was preserved from this "stain" (i.e. lack of holiness), which affects others, that is to say, that she was conceived without original sin. Those who deny the existence of original sin thus profess belief in the immaculate conception not only of Mary but of every human being.
Eastern Orthodoxy acknowledges that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for mankind, but denies (or rather never accepted) Augustine of Hippo's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt.[
7] The act of
Adam is not the responsibility of all humanity, but the consequences of that act changed the reality of this present age of the cosmos.
Instead of the term "original sin", some prefer to use in
English the term "ancestral sin". This distinction does not exist in, for instance,
Greek: the Greek translation of the
Catechism of the Catholic Church (Cactus Editions, Athens, 1996) renders
peccatum originale (original sin), the traditional term in
Latin, as
προπατορική αμαρτία (ancestral sin), the traditional term in Greek. Thus no significance can be attached to the use of the traditional English term,
original sin, in Orthodox catechisms such as the following, one written originally in English, the other translated from Russian: "[O]riginal sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve's. As life passes from them to all of their descendants, so does original sin. We all of us participate in original sin because we are all descended from the same forefather, Adam. This creates a problem for many people. They ask, Why should we be responsible for the actions of Adam and Eve? Why should we have to pay for the sins of our parents? they say. Unfortunately, this is so, because the consequence of original sin is the distortion of the nature of man. Of course, this is unexplainable and belongs to the realm of mystery, but we can give one example to make it somewhat better understood. Let us say that you have a wild orange tree, from which you make a graft. You will get domesticated oranges, but the root will still be that of the wild orange tree. To have wild oranges again, you must regraft the tree. This is what Christ came for and achieved for fallen man" (
Orthodox Catechism - Basic Teachings of the Orthodox Faith by Metropolitan Archbishop Sotirios).[
8] "As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream, so from a father infected with sin, and consequently mortal, there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin, and like him mortal" (
The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church also known as the
Catechism of Philaret, question 168).[
9]
The website of the Eastern United States diocese of the
Armenian Apostolic Church, speaking of Mary, states: "According to the teaching of the Armenian Church, at the time of the Annunciation when the Holy Spirit entered her she was cleansed of all sin (original sin) as she was to be the vessel in which God manifest was to be incarnated."[
10]
In
2 Esdras 7:46(116)-48(118),[
11] a book that some Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches regard as canonical, Ezra states: :I answered and said, "This is my first and last word, that it would have been better if the earth had not produced Adam, or else, when it had produced him, had restrained him from sinning. For what good is it to all that they live in sorrow now and expect punishment after death? O Adam, what have you done? For though it was you who sinned, the fall was not yours alone, but ours also who are your descendants."
Original sin in mainstream Protestantism
The notion of original sin as interpreted by
Augustine of Hippo was affirmed by the Protestant
Reformers Martin Luther and
John Calvin. Both Luther and Calvin agreed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception. This inherently sinful nature (the basis for the
Calvinistic doctrine of "
total depravity") results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities. Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam's fall, but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race, all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation.
Because of this
conundrum, Protestants believe that God the Father sent
Jesus into the world. The personhood, life, ministry, suffering, and death of Jesus, as God
incarnate in human flesh, is meant to be the
atonement for original sin as well as actual sins; this atonement is according to some rendered fully effective by the
Resurrection of Jesus.
Most Stone-Campbell
Restoration Movement Churches, such as the Churches of Christ, Christian Churches, and other Congregational Churches of the same origin, reject the notion of original sin, believing only in the sins for which men and women are personally responsible. Adam and Eve did bring sin into the world by introducing disobedience. This spread to further generations in much the same way other ideas spread, thus ensuring an environment that will produce sin in any individual above "The Age of Accountability."
In the Old Testament, in the 18th chapter of Ezekiel, God's people are rebuked for suggesting that the children would die/suffer for their father's sins.
Ezekiel 18:1-41The word of the LORD came to me: 2 "What do you people mean by quoting this proverb about the land of Israel: 'The fathers eat sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge'? 3 "As surely as I live, declares the Sovereign LORD, you will no longer quote this proverb in Israel. 4 For every living soul belongs to me, the father as well as the son"both alike belong to me. The soul who sins is the one who will die.The Lord then gives examples of a good father with a bad son, a bad son with a good father, etc.
The conclusion is this:
Ezekiel 18:19-20, 3019 "Yet you ask, 'Why does the son not share the guilt of his father?' Since the son has done what is just and right and has been careful to keep all my decrees, he will surely live. 20 The soul who sins is the one who will die. The son will not share the guilt of the father, nor will the father share the guilt of the son. The righteousness of the righteous man will be credited to him, and the wickedness of the wicked will be charged against him. "30 "Therefore, O house of Israel, I will judge you, each one according to his ways, declares the Sovereign LORD. Repent! Turn away from all your offenses; then sin will not be your downfall."Many Restoration movement churches and individuals, however, do believe that Adam's sin made us depraved (that is, with a tendency towards sin) without making us guilty of Adam's sin. Man is predisposed towards sin, but though every person sins, they are not intrinsically
forced to sin.
The official and authoritative Adventist position is probably best outlined by reference to publicly available and endorsed theological positions available on the General Conference of the Seventh Day Adventist Church's official website on theological doctrine, Biblical Research Institute.
A quick scan of this site makes it abundantly clear that debate still rages within Adventism as to the origins of sin. One will see that there has been a deliberate move by some scholars towards a more traditionally Augustinian understanding of original sin. On the other hand, there does still appear strong theological support for the ‘traditional' Adventist position, which is more in line with Eastern Orthodox understandings.
One will also notice this topic is very interesting and important in that it affects Christianity's understanding of the nature of Christ (see
Christology), what sin is (an act or a state?), what exactly we inherit from fallen Adam (his guilt or nature?), and finally going to how and why exactly Christ saves mankind.
Original sin according to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as the LDS Church, and the "Mormons") teaches a doctrine, known as the Fall of Adam, that the actions of
Adam and Eve in the
Garden of Eden brought about spiritual and physical death. Latter-day Saints believe that separation from God (spiritual death) was an intended part of the plan of God, but that Adam and Eve needed to exercise their own agency and were thus given to "choose for themselves." The main objective of the plan was that mankind should be tested (see
Abraham). Because separation from God was necessary, Latter-day Saints see the transgression of Adam and Eve as a great and necessary choice to gain knowledge and experience, rather than a "mistake". Adam and Eve were cast out of God's presence and suffered physical pain and death after committing the transgression. Their choice to enter that fallen state willingly meant that God's "Plan of Happiness" could proceed as intended, and was in line with His will, because of the foreordination of Jesus Christ as the Redeemer from death and the Atoning One.
Mormons do not believe that the transgression in Eden was of a sexual nature - nor could it have been, they hold, as God commanded Adam and Eve to multiply and replenish the Earth, implying that sexual relations between our progenitors were sanctioned by Him, and that they were de facto married by God in Eden. Likewise, they do not blame Eve for being the first to partake of the fruit, but rather celebrate her wisdom in recognizing that her descendants would have to be born, live, and make righteous choices on Earth, learn to repent through the Atonement of Jesus Christ, and pass through death, in order eventually to be fully redeemed and return to live with God again. The idea is that it is better to pass through the sorrow of this life, in order to know the Good from the Evil, rather than to exist in a perpetual state of innocence and stagnant ignorance. ()
Mormons do not believe in the concept of original sin as it is used in modern Christendom, but that everyone will be punished for their own individual sins and not for any transgression of Adam or Eve. Neither do Mormons believe that children are conceived in sin or come into the world with any kind of "impurity" whatsoever. Rather, Jesus Christ atoned for any "original guilt" and the sins of parents cannot be answered upon the heads of their children. Furthermore, Mormons hold that little children are incapable of even committing sin and as such have no need of baptism until they are accountable and capable of sinning. Little children who die before reaching such an age of accountability (even though they are unbaptized) are automatic heirs of salvation and are saved in the Celestial Kingdom of God.
The concept some have of original sin is thought by others to be full of inconsistencies. For those who challenge the entire doctrine of original sin as unbiblical, the concept is felt to contradict the principle stated in the Mosaic Law, that the children are not to be punished for the sins of the fathers. Ezekiel 18:20 again states unequivocally that descendants are not to be punished for their parents' sins.
Those who understand original sin as personal guilt and sin, rather than as sin in an analogous sense, are confronted with a yet graver difficulty, particularly if they conceive of sin as a matter of a person's soul as such, rather than of the ensouled body, or enfleshed soul, that is the person. Sin, they say, is an issue of the soul, but, if we inherit our bodies from our parents and our souls from God, then original sin, which is inherited with human nature from our parents, must be a matter of the body; or, if it is a matter of the soul, original sin must come from God.
Martin Luther's
ad hoc solution was:
Do not listen to human wisdom, but to the holy word of the Bible. This assumes the view presented in Ecclesiastes 12:7 that the body and soul are two separate entities residing together to create man.
Some may also argue that those who interpret the account of the Fall literally, have a problem reconciling the assumed unconditional love of God, with what appears to be God setting a trap for the first human beings and then punishing them and their descendants for falling into it.
Some critics, usually those influenced by
Jewish thinking, insist that the concept of the original sin simply makes no sense. Why, they ask, would God, who is, by dogma, universal unconditional Love, create sentient and sapient beings, then intentionally let them become corrupt - and then punish them from generation to generation with eternal torture for simply just being born in the world and for nothing else - and judge people not on their actions but by their faith or its lack - and then by whim save the beings from nothing else but from his very own wrath. Judaism rejects the concept of the original sin altogether and stresses the free will and men's responsibility of their actions rather than religious obedience or faith.
Christian churches that deny original sin have differing explanations for the ancient Christian practice of conferring on infants what the
Nicene Creed calls the "one baptism for the forgiveness of sins". Several denominations deny offering infant baptism altogether and insist that only persons who have reached the "age of accountability" should be baptized.
*
Actual sin*
Divine grace*
Justification*
Pandora's box*
Prevenient grace*
Total depravity*
Fall of man*
Article "Original Sin" in Catholic Encyclopedia*
Catechism of the Catholic Church*
The Book of Concord (www.bookofconcord.org): The Defense of the Augsburg Confession, Article II: Of Original Sin
*
Sermon #44: Original Sin by
John Wesley*
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Cosmic Fall
*
Original Sin as Privation: An Inquiry into a Theology of Sin and Sanctification by Leon Hynson
*
Original Sin Myths
