Orlov
Orlov (
Орлов) is the name of a
Russian noble family which produced several distinguished statesmen, diplomatists and soldiers. The family first gained distinction in the person of four Orlov brothers, of whom the senior was
Catherine the Great's lover, and the two junior were notable military commanders. As neither of brothers left a legitimate male issue, the title and arms of Counts Orlov passed in
1856 to the related
Davydov family.
Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov
Count
Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (1734-1783), who carved for his family so illustrious a place in the Russian history, was the son of Gregory Orlov, governor of Great
Novgorod. He was educated in the corps of
cadets at
St Petersburg, began his military career in the
Seven Years' War, and was wounded
at Zorndorf. While serving in the capital as an artillery officer he caught the fancy of Grand Duchess
Catherine Alekseyevna, and was the leader of the conspiracy which resulted in the dethronement and death of her husband
Peter III (1762).
After the event, Catherine raised him to the rank of count and made him adjutant-general, director-general of engineers and general-in-chief. Their illegitimate son, Aleksey, was born in 1762 and named after the village of
Bobriki where he lived; from him descends the line of
Counts Bobrinskoy. Orlov's influence became paramount after the discovery of the Khitrovo plot to murder the whole Orlov family. At one time the empress thought of marrying her favorite, but the plan was frustrated by her influential advisor
Nikita Panin.
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Grigory Orlov sold his huge manor and castle in Gatchina to the crown in 1783. |
Gregory Orlov was no statesman, but he had a quick wit, a fairly accurate appreciation of current events, and was a useful and sympathetic counsellor during the earlier portion of Catherine's reign. He entered with enthusiasm, both from patriotic and from economical motives, into the question of the improvement of the condition of the serfs and their partial emancipation. As the President of the
Free Economic Society, he was also their most prominent advocate in
the great commission of
1767, though he aimed primarily at pleasing the empress, who affected great liberality in her earlier years.
He was one of the earliest propagandists of the
Slavophile idea of the emancipation of the Christians from the
Ottoman yoke. In
1771 he was sent as first Russian plenipotentiary to the peace congress of
Focşani; but he failed in his mission, owing partly to the obstinacy of the Ottomans, and partly (according to Panin) to his own outrageous insolence. On returning without permission to his
Marble Palace at St Petersburg, he found himself superseded in the empress's favor by the younger Vasil'chikov.
In order to rekindle Catherine's affection, Grigory presented to her one of the
greater diamonds of the world, known as the
Orloff since then. When
Grigory Potemkin, in 1771, superseded Vasil'chikov, Orlov became of no account at court and went abroad for some years. He returned to Russia a few months previously to his death, which took place at
Moscow in
1780. For some time before his death he was out of his mind. Late in life he married his niece, Madame Zinovyeva, but left no children by that marriage.
Alexey Grigoryevich Orlov
Count
Alexey Grigoryevich Orlov (1737–1808), brother of the above, was by far the ablest member of the Orlov countly family, and was also remarkable for his athletic strength and dexterity. In the palace revolution of
1762 he played an even more important part than his brother Gregory. It was he who conveyed Peter III to the chateau of
Ropsha and murdered him there with his own hands.
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In the 19th century, Orlov trotters were considered the fastest in Europe. |
In 1770 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the fleet sent against the Turks, whose far superior navy he annihilated
at Chesme, a victory which led to the so-called
Orlov Revolt and conquest of the Greek archipelago. For this exploit he received, in 1774, the honorific epithet
Chesmensky, and the privilege of quartering the imperial arms in his shield.
The same year, on Catherine's request, he went to
Livorno to seduce and bring to Russia the so-called
Princess Tarakanova, who proclaimed herself daughter of
Empress Elizabeth. Having succeeded in this unusual commission, he went into retirement and settled at
Moscow.
There he devoted himself to
horse breeding, and produced the
"finest race of horses" then known, the Orlov Trotter, by crossing
Arabian Horses with the heavier but lively
Friesian and with tall, swift English racing
stallions. In the
war with Napoleon during 1806-07, Orlov commanded the militia of the fifth district, which was placed on a war footing almost entirely at his own expense. He left an estate worth five millions roubles and 30,000 serfs.
Minor Counts Orlov
The oldest and least notable of four Orlov's brothers was
Ivan Grigoryevich Orlov (
1733-
1791). After his father's death in
1746 he became the head of the family; all Orlov brothers looked upon him and respected him as their father. He led a modest life and managed the Orlovs' estates. Even after the palace revolution of
1762, when the Orlovs became counts and got enormous fortune, he apparently refused any state career and titles and continued to live in Moscow and the Orlovs' estates.
The fourth Orlov brother was Count
Fyodor Grigoryevich (1741-1796), Russian general, who first distinguished himself in the
Seven Years' War. He participated with his elder brothers in the
coup d'etat of 1762, after which he was appointed chief procurator of the
senate. During the
first Turkish War of Catherine II he served under
Admiral Spiridov, and was one of the first to break through the Turkish line of battle at Chesme. Subsequently,
at Hydra, he put to flight eighteen Turkish vessels. These exploits were, by the order of Catherine, commemorated by a
triumphal column, crowned with naval trophies, erected at
Tsarskoe Selo. In 1775 he retired from the public service. Orlov was never married, but had five natural children, whom Catherine ennobled and legitimatized, as may be seen below.
The youngest Orlov brother was Count
Vladimir Grigorievich (1743-1831). He was just 19 when his elder brothers came to power, and they deemed it wise to send him to the
Leipzig University. Although his education was spasmodic at best, the Empress appointed him President of the
Russian Academy of Sciences upon his return four years later. His ignorance of
Latin led him to expel the language from the Academy; it was replaced with
German, in which he was fairly fluent. On this account, he came to patronize German scientists such as
Peter Simon Pallas and invited many of them to Russia. In 1767 he accompanied Catherine II during her journey along the
Volga, documenting it in a journal. After his brother fell into disgrace, Vladimir was fired from his post and retired to his villages.
He had several daughters, one of them a wife of
Nikita Petrovich Panin, and a son - Count
Grigory Vladimirovich (
1777 –
22 June 1826) - who predeceased his father. Like him, Grigory the Younger devoted himself to the sciences. In November 1799 he married Countess Anna Saltykova, left Russia and traveled in France, Italy and
Switzerland. While living in
Paris, Orlov translated into French some fables by
Ivan Krylov. After the death of his wife, Count Orlov returned to Russia. His chief works are
Mémoirs historiques, politiques et littéraires sur le Royaume de Naples, translated into German, English and Italian, and embracing the History of Lower Italy from the earliest times until
1820;
Histoire des Arts en Italie, the two volumes of which treat of music, the others of painting;
Voyages dans une Partie de la France, ou Lettres descriptives et historiques (
Paris, 1824). From
25 January 1809 he was a honorary member of the
Russian Academy of Sciences. All of his three sons were born out of wedlock.
Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov
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The Eagle Monument in Gatchina refers to the Orlovs' surname, derived from the Russian word for eagle |
Prince
Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov (1787-1862), the natural son of Count Fyodor Grigoryevich, was born
October 8 (
October 19 1786 New Style) in
Moscow and took part in all the
Napoleonic wars from
1805 to the capture of
Paris. For his services as commander of the cavalry regiment of the Life Guards on the occasion of the
rebellion of 1825 he was created a
count, and in the
Turkish War of 1828–1829 rose to the rank of
lieutenant-general. It is from this time that the brilliant diplomatic career of Orlov begins. He was the Russian plenipotentiary at the
Peace of Adrianople, and in
1833 was appointed Russian ambassador at
Constantinople, holding at the same time the post of commander-in-chief of the
Black Sea fleet. He was, indeed, one of the most trusty agents of
Nicholas I, whom in 1837 he accompanied on his foreign tour. From 1844 to 1856 he was in charge of the infamous
Third Section, or secret police.
In
1854 he was sent to
Vienna to bring
Austria over to the side of Russia, but without success. In
1856 he was one of the plenipotentiaries who concluded the
peace of Paris. The same year he was raised to the dignity of
prince, and was appointed president of the
imperial council of state and of the council of ministers. In 1857, during the absence of the emperor, he presided over the commission formed to consider the question of the
emancipation of the serfs, to which he was altogether hostile. He died May 9 (
May 21)
1862 in St. Petersburg.
Other Princes Orlov
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Coat of arms of the Orlov family |
His only son, Prince
Nikolay Alexeyevich Orlov (1827-1885), was a distinguished Russian diplomatist and author. He first adopted a military career, and was seriously wounded in the
Crimean War. Subsequently he entered the diplomatic service, and represented Russia successively at
Brussels (1860-1870),
Paris (1870-1882) and
Berlin (1882-1885). As a publicist he stood in the forefront of reform. His articles on
corporal punishment, which appeared in
Russkaya Starina in
1881, brought about its abolition. He also advocated tolerance towards the dissenters.
Prince Alexey Fyodorovich also had a brother,
Mikhail Fyodorovich Orlov (1788-1842), who took a most active part in the Napoleonic wars and received the rank of general-major upon returning to Russia in 1814. A friend of
Alexander Pushkin and convinced liberal himself, he now concentrated his attention on the projects for emancipation of the serfs and introduction of
republican government in Russia. Since 1818, he was in charge of the
Kishinev section of the
Decembrist society. After the revolt failed, he was arrested but presently released on bail, through his brother's mediation. Thereupon he settled in
Moscow and published a pioneering study of the
state credit.
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The Orlov Diamond*
Marble Palace*
Gatchina Palace*
Orlov Trotter Homepage*
Orlov Garden in Gatchina*
Orlov Gates in Tsarskoe Selo
