Patrician
This is an article about the privileged class in ancient Rome. For other uses of the term, see patrician (disambiguation).Patricians were originally the
elite caste in
ancient Rome. In the time of the late
Roman Empire, the term
patrician was a specific title given to a high court official.
The
Latin word for "patrician" is
patricius (plural
patricii). This comes from
patrÄ"s (
cŨnscrīptī), the plural of
pater ("father") and the added sense of "enrolled fathers" (members of the
Roman Senate). The word comes down in English as "patrician" from the
Middle English patricion, from the
Old French patricien.
In the early days of the
Roman Republic, patricians formed a
hereditary ruling group within the state. The patricians claimed to be able to trace their family to the original populace of Rome before the reign of
Ancus Marcius and strong ties to the earliest members of the Roman Senate. All magistracies were off-limits to non-patricians, who were known as
plebeians. Patrician status was inherited, and
intermarriage between patricians and plebeians was forbidden. Trade between patricians and plebeians was also forbidden.
Over time, conflict raged between the two classes, and patricians were slowly forced to relinquish their power. In
494 BC, the office of
tribune was created to safeguard the interests of plebeians; no patrician could hold this office. By the
320s BC, all magistracies were open to plebeian candidates, and the importance of the distinction between patricians and plebeians began to fade. In addition, because patrician status was strictly inherited and no new patrician families were created, the number of patrician families decreased.
By the last days of the Roman Republic in the
first century BC, wealthy plebeian families had long become an integral part of the Roman elite, and patrician status offered little more than prestige. This reality was made clear in
59 BC, when the patrician
Publius Clodius Pulcher arranged to be adopted by a plebeian (who was a year younger than he!) so that he could stand for the office of tribune. One of the few positions that remained reserved to patricians at this time was the office of
Rex Sacrorum,
king of sacred rites, who was theoretically the highest ranking priest, responsible for carrying on the religious duties of the early kings of Rome. In practice, his authority was superseded by that of the
Pontifex Maximus, who was not necessarily a Patrician.
Definite
*
Aemilia*
Fabia*Sergia
*
Julia*
Cornelia*
Aemilia*
Valeria*Servilia
*Quinctilia
*
Manlia*
Sulpicia*Pinaria
*Postumia
*
Papiria*
Furia*Flaminia
*Gegania
*
Junia*
Cassia*Octavia (only after Julius Caesar said so)
*Vipsania (only after Octavius Caesar said so)
*Salvidiena (only after Octavius Caesar said so)
*Maecenia (only after Octavius Caesar said so)
*Lemonia
*Romilia
*Remia
*
Marcia*Pompilia
*
ClaudiaPossible
*Livia
*Junia ( later republic)
*Cassia ( later republic)
*Domitia
*Calpurnia
*Caecilia
*Scribonia
Under the early
Roman Empire, patrician status still carried prestige. Because of this, emperors routinely adlected their supporters to the patrician caste in en masse. Perhaps as result, the prestige and meaning of the status eventually degraded; by the end of the crisis of the third century, patrician status as it had been understood in the Republic ceased to have meaning in everyday life. The emperor
Constantine reintroduced the term;
Patrician (
Patricius) became an honorific title for those who demonstrated faithful service to the Empire. There were generally only a few patricians in the Empire at any given time, and sometimes only one. By the
5th century in the West, the title generally denoted a man who held the power behind the imperial throne, usually a general of the Roman army. Patricians of this era included
Stilicho,
Constantius III (before he became co-emperor),
AĆ«tius,
Boniface, and
Ricimer. The term was occasionally used in this sense in Western Europe after the end of the Roman Empire; for instance,
Pope Stephen II granted the title "Patrician of the Romans" to the Frankish ruler
Pippin III. In the East, where the Emperors maintained their hold on power, the title maintained its meaning as an honorific until Latin titles fell out of use as
Greek became the language of the court.
List of Patricii
*
Flavius Julius Constantius:
335-
337*
Flavius Stilicho:
394-
408 (also
magister militum)
*
Flavius Constantius:
417-
421 (later
emperor February-September 421)
*
Flavius Castinus:
420s*
Bonifacius:
432*
Flavius AĆ«tius:
433-
454 (also magister militum)
*
Petronius Maximus:
445-
455 (later emperor March-April 455)
*
Ricimer:
456-
472 (also magister militum)
*
Gundobad:
472-
473 (also magister militum, and later
King of the Burgundians 473-
516)
*
Odoacer:
476-
493 (also
King of Italy)
*
al-Harith ibn Jabalah:
529-
569 (also King of the
Ghassanids)
In modern English, the word
patrician is generally used to denote a member of the upper class, often with connotations of inherited wealth, elitism, and a sense of
noblesse oblige. This definition derives from the first meaning of the word above.
In the satirical
fantasy series
Discworld by
British author
Terry Pratchett, the city of
Ankh-Morpork is run by a Presidential like figure akin to the old Roman nobility. The ruler rules under the title of Patrician but is in all respects simply a
tyrant. In the
City Watch (see
Guards! Guards!) series of novels the Patrician is named
Havelock Vetinari and though he often puts up a democratic facade he is to all intents and purposes a
dictator, albeit a (relatively) benign one.
In the
science-fiction '
Foundation' trilogy of
Isaac Asimov, in the novel '
Foundation and Empire',
Ducem Barr is referred to as a Patrician of the
Empire. Within the story it is an inherited noble title, clearly derived of the Roman
Imperial meaning, after which Asimov's
Galactic Empire was modeled. Additionally, a fan series spin-off to
Stargate SG-1, titled 'StarGate: Haven,' has the Patrician Empire as the main enemy.
*
Patricianship
