Piacenza

Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, PiasÃ«insa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Piacenza.

History

Ancient history

Before its settlement by the Romans, the area was populated by Celtic and Ligurian tribes. Piacenza was founded in 218 BC (according to the tradition, on May 31), the first of the Roman military colonies, and was formerly called Placentia in both Latin and English.

In Placentia and the nearby colony, Cremona, 6,000 Latin colonists were sent, in particular members of the Equestrian class of Rome. In the same year as the city's founding, Hannibal won the Battle of Trebbia in Piacenza's area, but the city resisted the Punic forces. In the following years the city's territory was drained and a port was constructed onto the Po River. Placentia flourished as a production centre for grain, barley, millet, and wool. Although sacked and devastated several times, the city always recovered and as late as the 6th century Procopius called it Urbs Aemilia Princeps, namely the "Princess of the cities across the Via Aemilia", meaning "first city across the Via Aemilia".

The era of Late Antiquity in Piacenza (c. 300-700/800 AD) was marked by the expansion of Christianity, with the presence of several martyrs. The current patron saint, Antoninus, was a former legionnaire who Christianized the area and was killed during the reign of Diocletianus.

Middle Ages

Piacenza was sacked in the course of the Gothic Wars (535â€"552). After a short period as a Byzantine Empire city, it was conquered by the Lombards, who made it a duchy seat. After the Frank conquest (9th century) the city began to recover, being sited across the Via Francigena who lead from the Holy Roman Empire to Rome. Its population and importance grew further after the year 1000. In that period the government began to shift from the feudal lords in the hands of a new enterprising class, as well as those of the feudal class of the countryside.

In 1095 it was the site of the Council of Piacenza, in which the First Crusade was proclaimed. From 1126 Piacenza was a free commune and an important member of the Lombard League. In this role it took part to the war against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the subsequent battle of Legnano (1176). It also fought with success the neighbouring communes of Cremona, Pavia and Parma, expanding its possession. Piacenza snatched from the Malaspina counts and the bishop of Bobbio the control of the trading routes towards Genoa, where the first Piacentini bankers had already settled.

In the 13th century, despite some unsuccessful wars against emperor Frederick II, piacenza managed to gain some strongholds on the Lombardy shore of the Po River. In 1183, in the church dedicated to Saint Antoninus, the primilaries of the Peace of Konstanz were signed. Agriculture and trades were highly flourishing in these centuries, and made Piacenza one of the richest city of Europe. This reflected in the construction of many important edifices and to a general revision of the urban asset. As well as in the great majority of Medieval Italian communes, since the second half of the 13th century in Piacenza inner party struggles were frequent: the Scotti, Pallavicino and Alberto Scoto (1290-1313) held in sequence the power in the city. The latter's government ended with the conquest by the Visconti of Milan, which held Piacenza until 1447. Duke Gian Galeazzo rewrote the city's statues and moved there the University of Pavia. Piacenza was a Sforza possession until 1499.

Modern era

A coin from the 16th century shows the motto: Placentia floret ("Piacenza flourishes"). The city was in fact developing further, mainly thanks to the produce from its countryside. Also in the course of that century a new wall line was erected. Piacenza was under France until 1521, and later, with Leo X, became briefly part of the Papal States. In 1545, finally, it was included in the new-born Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, led by the Farnese family.

Piacenza was the capital city of the duchy until Ottavio Farnese (1547-1586) moved it to Parma. The city lived its most grievous years under duke Odoardo (1622-1646): 6,000 and 13,000 Piacentini out of 30,000 died of famine and plague, respectively. The city and its countryside were also ravaged by bandits and French soldiers.

From 1732 to 1859 Parma and Piacenza were ruled by House of Bourbon. In the 18th century, being the duke family living in Parma, in Piacenza several edifices were built which belonged to noble families such as Scotti, Landi and Fogliani.

In 1802 Napoleon's army annexed Piacenza to the French Empire. The young Piacentini recruits were sent to fight in Russia, Spain and Germany, while the city was spoiled of a great number of artworks which are currently exhibited in many French museums.

The Habsburg government of Maria Luisa 1816-1847 is remembered as one of the best ever seen in Piacenza; the duchess drained many lands, built several bridges across the Trebbia river and the Nure stream, and created educational and artistic activities.

See also: Duchy of Parma and Piacenza''

Union with Italy

Austrian and Croatian milices occupied Piacenza until, in 1848, a plebiscite marked the entrance of the city in the Kingdom of Sardinia. 37,089 voters out of 37,585 voted for the annexation. Piacenza was therefore declared Primogenita dell'UnitÃ di Italia ("First-born of Unification of Italy") by the monarch. The Piacentini enrolled in mass in the Giuseppe Garibaldi's army which went in southern Italy to fight for independence.

In the June of 1865 the first railway bridge was inaugurated. In 1891 the first Chamber of Workers was created in Piacenza.

During World War 2 the city was heavily bombed by the Allies. The important railway bridge across the Po River, the railway station, as well as the historical centre, were destroyed. On the hills and the Appenine mountains, partisan bands were active. In 1996 president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro honoured Piacenza with the Gold Medal for Valour in Battle.

Main sights

Piacenza is one of the most renowned cities in Italy for the arts. It boasts a great number of historical palaces, often characterized by splendid gardens.

Piazza Cavalli and the faÃ§ade of Il Gotico, Piacenza.

FaÃ§ade of the Cathedral.

Church of Sant'Antonino, patron of Piacenza.

The Renaissance church of San Sisto.

Palaces

* Palazzo Comunale, also known as il Gotico, was built in 1281 as the seat of the government of the town. It is one of the best preserved examples of Medieval civic building in northern Italy and is built by the model of "Broletto", typical of nearby Lombardy. Of the original design, only the northern side was completed, with its typical Guelph merlons, the arcaded frame, the central bell tower with two lesser ones at the sides. The faÃ§ade, with five arcades, is in pink marble in the lower part and in brickwork (decorated with geometrical figures) in the upper part. A rose window overlooks the short side, which has three arcades. The main hall has frescoes, and is used for meetings, lectures and conferences.
* Palazzo Farnese, begun in 1568 by Ottavio Farnese and his wife, Margaret of Austria. The initial project was devised by Francesco Paciotto, from Urbino, and works were entrusted to Giovanni Bernardo Della Valle, Giovanni Lavezzari and Bernardo Panizzari (Caramosino). The design was modified in 1568 by Jacopo Barozzi, better known as Vignola.

Other places of interest

* Piazza Cavalli is the main square of the town. Its name ("piazza" is the italian word for "square", and "Cavalli" means "horses") comes from two equestrian monuments representing Alessandro Farnese (Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1586, nephew and valiant general of Philip II of Spain) and his son Ranuccio, who succeeded him to the dukedom. The statues, made in bronze, are the masterpiece of Francesco Mochi (1580-1654), a mannerist Tuscan sculptor.
* The Duomo is the Catholic cathedral of the diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio. It was built from 1122 to 1233 and is one of the most valuable examples of a Romanesque cathedral in northern Italy. The faÃ§ade, in Veronese pink marble and gilted stone, is horizontally parted by a gallery that dominates the three gates, decorated with capitals and Romanic statues. The interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by 25 large pillars. It has noteworthy frescoes, made in the 14th-16th centuries by Domenico Procaccini and Ludovico Carracci, while those of the dome are by Morazzone and Guercino. The presbitery as a wooden sculpture from 1479, a wodden choir by Giangiacomo da Genova (1471) and statues of Lombard school from the 15th century. The crypt, on the Greek cross plan, has 108 Romanesque small columns and is home to the relics of Saint Justine, to which the first cathedral (crumbled down in 1117 after an earthquake) was dedicated.
*The church of St. Francis, in Piazza Cavalli, is a 12th century Romanesque/Gothic edifice which, thanks to its central position, assumed the role of civic Sanctuary in the Middle Ages. Part of the ancient cloisters remains. The main gate is enriched by a big lunette of the 15th century representing the Ecstasy of St. Francis. The interior, with nave and two aisles divided by low and strong brick pillars that support high gothic arches, has a Latin Cross scheme. The nave, higher than the aisles, has a pentahedric apse in which the aisle apses meet; decorations include 15th-16th centuries frescoes. In the church was proclaimed the annexion of Piacenza to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1848.
*The basilica of Sant'Antonino is an example of Romanesque architecture, characterized by a large octagonal tower. It was commissioned by St. Victor, first bihsop of the city, in 350 CE, and completed in 375. It contains the relics of the eponymous saint, martyrized near Travo, in the Val Trebbia. In 1183 the delegates of Frederick Barbarossa and of the Lombard League met here for the premilimaries of peace of Constance. The church was renovated after damage cretaed by the barbarian invasion, and has a 15th century cloister. In the interior, the main artworks are the frescoes by Camillo Gervasetti (1622).
*The basilica of San Savino, dedicated to St. Victor's successor, was begun in 903 but consecrated only in 1107. The faÃ§ade and the portico are from the 17th-18th centuries. The presbitery and the crypts contain 12th century polychrome mosaics. The interior is in Lombard-Gothic style, with antropomorphic capitals of the columns. Over the high altar is a 12th century wooden crucifix by an unknown artist.
*San Giovanni in Canale was founded by the Dominicans in 1220, and enlarged in the mid-16th century.
*Santa Maria in Campagna, a Renaissance church, faces Piazzale delle Crociate ("Crusades Square"), so called because Pope Urban II summoned the First Crusade here in 1095. The church was built in 1522-1528 to house a miraculous wooden sculpture of the Madonna. The interior was originally on the Greek cross plan, but was later turned into a Latin cross one. Il Pordenone finished fine frescoes in the dome and in two chapels on the left side.
*St. Sixtus is a Renaissance church with a precious choir, designed by Alessio Tramello. It was begun in the 15th century over a temple edificated in 874 by Empress Angilberga. Also by Tramello is the church of the Holy Sepulchre.
* The most famous relic of the region's pre-Roman civilization is the Bronze Liver of Piacenza (Il Fegato Etrusco di Piacenza in Italian), an Etruscan bronze model of a sheep's liver dating from the end of the second century to the beginning of the first century BCE. It was discovered in 1877 in Ciavernasco di Settima, near Gossolengo, near Piacenza, and is housed in Piacenza's Archaeological Museum, part of the Musei Civici di Palazzo Farnese. Containing writing on its surface delineating the various parts of the liver and their significance, it was likely used as an educational tool for students studying haruspicy, or divination.
* Ricci Oddi Gallery is an art-gallery dedicated to modern Italian painters.

Dialect

Many inhabitants of Piacenza and the surrounding region still use the Piacentine (or Piacentino) dialect, which is quite different from standard (Florentine) Italian as it is a variety of Emiliano-Romagnolo minority language. The different grammar rules and the dissimilar pronunciation of even similar words make the dialect largely mutually unintelligible with standard Italian, with many regular vowels being replaced with umlauts or eliminated altogether. Although there have been a number of notable poets and writers using the dialect, it has experienced a steady decline during the 20th century due to the growing standardization of the Italian language in the national educational system.

See also: List of Languages of Italy

Food

Piacenza and its province are renowned for the production of seasoned and salted pork products. The main specialities are pancetta (rolled seasoned pork belly, salted and spiced), coppa (seasoned pork neck, containing less fat than pancetta, and often flavoured with wood smoke) and salame (chopped pork meat flavoured with spices and wine, and made into sausages).

"Bortolina" (salted pancakes made with flour, salt, water or milk) and ChisÃ¶la (torta fritta in Standard Italian, made with flour, milk and animal fats mixed together and then fried in hot strutto, clarified pork fat) are the pefect coupling of pancetta, coppa and salame, but they are also good with fat cheese, particularly Gorgonzola cheese and Robiola.

Pisarei e fasÃ¶ is an exquisite mixture of hand made pasta and beans.

Among the culinary specialties of the Piacenza region (although also enjoyed in nearby Cremona) is mostarda di frutta, consisting of preserved fruits in a sugary syrup strongly flavored with mustard. TurtlÃ¬t (tortelli dolci in standard Italian), or fruit dumplings, are filled with mostarda di frutta, mashed chestnuts, and other ingredients, and are served at Easter. TurtlÃ¬t are also popular in the Ferrara area. TurtÃ©i, a similarly named Piacentine specialty, is a kind of pasta filled with ricotta cheese.

Piacentine staple foods include corn (generally cooked as polenta) and rice (usually cooked as risotto), very common across Northern Italy regions. Pasta is also eaten, though it is not as popular as in southern Italy. There are also locally produced cheeses, such as Grana Padano, though nearby Parma is more famous for its dairy products.

The hills surrounding Piacenza are well known for their wineyards. The wine produced in this area is qualified with a D.o.c. (Denominazione di origine controllata) called "Colli piacentini" ("Hills of Piacenza").Main wines are Gutturnio (red wine, both sparkilng or still), Bonarda (red wine, often sparkling and foamy, from Croatina grapes), Ortrugo (white dry wine), Malvasia (white sweet wine).

Famous inhabitants

*Pradello, a village near Bettola, in the neighbourhood of Piacenza, claims to be the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
*The Guadagnini family of luthiers (makers of violins and other string instruments), beginning in the 18th century, were among the most renowned residents of Piacenza. Of these, Giovanni Battista Guadagnini (G. B. Guadagnini) (1711-1786) is the most famous, considered to have been one of the greatest violin makers in history.
*The soccer players Simone and Filippo Inzaghi were both born in Piacenza, as well as the worldwide famous fashion designer Giorgio Armani.
*The Italian American chef Hector Boiardi (1897-1985), better known as "Chef Boyardee," was born in Piacenza and immigrated to the United States in 1915, eventually acquiring fame for his eponymous franchise of food products.
*Italian soccer player Alberto Gilardino moved to Piacenza when he was 12 years old.