Prelate
A
prelate is a member of the
clergy who either has
ordinary jurisdiction over a group of people or ranks in precedence with ordinaries. The word derives from
Latin prælatus, the past participle of
præferre, "to prefer," suggesting that the prelate is preferred over other clergy.
A
prelature is the office of a prelate or the entire juridical entity which the prelate governs.
Prelacy is the body of prelates as a whole, or a system of government, administration, or ministry by prelates.
The archetypal prelate is a
bishop, whose prelature is his
particular church. All other prelates, including the
regular prelates such as
abbots and major superiors, are based upon this original model of prelacy.
Sometimes the
clergy of a
state church with a formal
hierarchy are called prelates without having ordinary jurisdiction, which etymologically suggests that the prelate enjoys legal privileges and power as a result of clerical status.
In the
Catholic Church, the
personal prelature was conceived during the sessions of the
Second Vatican Council in no. 10 of the decree
Presbyterorum ordinis and was later enacted into law by
Paul VI in his
motu proprio Ecclesiae sanctae. The institution was later reaffirmed in the
1982 Code of Canon Law (Personal Prelatures cann. 294-297 [
1]). Such a prelature is an institution having clergy and (possibly) lay members which would carry out specific pastoral activities. The adjective
personal refers to the fact that, in contrast with previous
canonical use for ecclesiastical institutions, the
jurisdiction of the prelate is not linked to a territory but over persons wherever they be. The establishment of personal prelatures is an exercise of the
theologically inherent power of self-organization which the Church has to pursue its mission, though a personal prelature is not a
particular church like
dioceses and
military ordinariates are.
Many features of a personal prelature may seem similar to
religious orders. For starters, the prelate governs the prelature with ordinary power and is selected according to the statutes of the prelature (can. 295), which could mean election by the members of the prelature or some other method. Also, the clergy of the prelature also are incardinated into the prelature itself as opposed to the local
particular church (
ibid).
However, the
laity and clergy of the prelature do not take the three
vows which members of religious orders take. It is also possible for the clergy of the prelature to have a different relationship with the local ordinary than members of religious orders (can. 297) since, normally, religious orders are not exempt from the laws and the governance of the particular church where they live and work. Thirdly, the prelature defines its relationship with the laity dedicated to its mission, which could mean canonical membership or a relationship defined by mutual agreement (can. 296). Such a relationship is not possible in a religious order; dedicated laity would have to join it canonically and take vows. Finally, the prelate may be a bishop, which generally does not happen in a religious order. For these and other reasons, personal prelatures are clearly different from religious institutes and the consecrated life in general, as well as from associations and movements of the faithful.
In a nutshell: personal prelatures are fundamentally lay organizations operating
in the world (members take no vows and live normal, everyday lives), whereas religious orders are religious organizations operating
out of the world (members take vows and lead lives in accordance with their specific organization).
The first (and
as of 2005, only) personal prelature is
Opus Dei, which was elevated to a personal prelature by
Pope John Paul II in
1982 through the
Apostolic constitution Ut sit. In the case of Opus Dei, the prelate is elected by members of the prelature and confirmed by the Pope, the laity and clergy of the prelature are still under the governance of the particular church where they live, and the laity associated with the prelature (both men and women) are organically united under the jurisdiction of the prelate.
