PricewaterhouseCoopers
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The PW logo before the 1998 merger |
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The C&L logo before the merger |
PricewaterhouseCoopers (or PwC) is the world's largest
professional services firm. It was formed in
1998 from a merger between
Price Waterhouse and
Coopers & Lybrand. PwC is the largest of the
Big Four auditors, whose other member firms include
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu,
Ernst & Young and
KPMG.
PricewaterhouseCoopers earned aggregated worldwide revenues of $20.3 billion for fiscal
2005, and employed over 130,000 people in 148 countries.
In the
United States, where it is the fourth largest
privately owned organization, it operates as PricewaterhouseCoopers
LLP. [
1].
The firm was created by the merger of two large firms Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand. These two firms each had histories dating back to the nineteenth century.
Samuel Price, an
accountant, started his practice in
London in
1849. In 1865 Price went into partnership with
William Holyland and
Edwin Waterhouse. Holyland left shortly after and the firm was known from
1874 as
Price, Waterhouse & Co. (The '& Co' and comma were dropped from the name much later.) The original partnership agreement, signed by Price, Holyland and Waterhouse can be found in Southwark Towers, one of PwC's offices in London. By the late nineteenth century, Price Waterhouse had gained significant recognition as an accounting firm. As a result of trade between the
United Kingdom and the
United States of America, Price Waterhouse opened an office in
New York in 1890, and the American firm itself soon expanded rapidly. The original British firm also opened more offices in the main countries in the
British Empire, each time establishing a separate partnership in each country that gave each partner a strong incentive to expand their local practices. The worldwide practice of PW was therefore a federation of collaborating firms that had grown organically rather than being the result of an international merger.
Like PW, Coopers & Lybrand had also originated in the nineteenth century. In 1854 William Cooper established his own practice in London, which became Cooper Brothers seven years later when his three brothers joined. In the USA in 1898 Robert H. Montgomery, William M. Lybrand, Adam A. Ross Jr. and his brother T. Edward Ross formed Lybrand, Ross Brothers and Montgomery.
Coopers & Lybrand is the result of a merger in
1957 between Cooper Brothers & Co; Lybrand, Ross Bros & Montgomery and a Canadian firm McDonald, Currie and Co. In
1990 Coopers & Lybrand merged with Deloitte Haskins & Sells in the
United Kingdom, but most other parts of Deloittes merged with Touche Ross to form
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu.
In addition to setting up an office in the major capital cities of the world, the PW or Coopers firm in each country often assimilated local accounting practices. This provided even more offices in the regions of each country and so resulted in 'critical mass', allowing the rapidly increasing number of international corporations to be fully serviced wherever they traded. Growth was also spurred by increasing audit requirements, especially after the
Great Depression in the 1920s and 1930s, and by the increasing complexity of taxation.
In a further effort to take advantage of
economies of scale, PW and
Arthur Andersen had discussed a merger in 1989 but the negotiations failed mainly because of conflicts of interest such as Andersen's strong commercial links with
IBM and PW's audit of IBM. In
1998 Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand merged to form
PricewaterhouseCoopers in an attempt to gain a scale that would put the new firm in a different league. The following year merger discussions between PwC and
Grant Thornton failed. Because of the reduced number of major firms, it is unlikely that further mergers would be allowed by competition authorities.
The
2002 indictment of
Enron and
WorldCom and the subsequent collapse of Arthur Andersen resulted in stringent
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules on auditor independence. One such result was the adoption of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which required auditor independence and separation of core audit from general consulting. This forced many of the Big Four to divest their interests in management consulting. However a major part of the firm's practice is still to provide business advice in addition to its auditing services, notably in taxation and corporate finance.
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PricewaterhouseCoopers offices at Darling Park Tower 2 in Sydney, Australia. |
The legal structure of a
partnership is very different to that of a
company, and as such the global firm is in fact a collection of member firms, that are run
autonomously in their respective
jurisdictions. The senior partners of member firms sit on a global board of
partners and there is also an 'umbrella' organisation called PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, a
UK -based company which provides co-ordination. The current global
CEO is
Samuel DiPiazza, a 52 year old partner of the former Coopers & Lybrand.
PricewaterhouseCoopers has up to six service lines in major countries:
*
Audit and Assurance,
*
Tax, (planning and compliance with local tax laws,
transfer pricing)
* Advisory and Consulting which covers Performance Improvement,Transactions and M&A and Crisis Management in a range of specialist areas such as accountancy and actuarial advisory.
PwC's service lines face the market in each country by broad industry specializations such as:
* Consumer and Industrial Products and Service (CIPS)
* Financial Services (FS),
* Energy, Utilities and Mining,
* Technology, Information, Communications and Entertainment (TICE).These sub-divisions may vary slightly in some territories.
The firm also has in-house
human resource services and (through its correspondent global legal firm, PwC Legal). PwC audits 37 per cent of companies in the
FTSE 100 Index; 22 per cent of those in the
FT Asia Pacific 100 and 43 per cent of the
Fortune 1000.
Europe and
North America account for about 82% of PwC's annual revenue, with Europe alone accounting for 45%. The firm's dominant practice is
Audit & Assurance, which accounts for over 50% of PwC's revenue.
As of March
2005, PricewaterhouseCoopers' audit clients included four of the 10 largest public companies in the United States (
ExxonMobil,
Ford Motor Company,
ChevronTexaco and
IBM). PwC also audits four of the 10 largest companies in the
United Kingdom (
GlaxoSmithKline,
Royal Dutch Shell,
Barclays and
Lloyds TSB).
PwC's other large clients include
American International Group,
Freddie Mac,
Bank of America,
JP Morgan Chase,
Goldman Sachs,
Tesco,
Unilever, and the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the last to tabulate votes for the annual
Academy Awards.
PwC also has the unique distinction of having been (in various incarnations) the tabulator and certifier of votes for the
Academy Awards since 1934.
PwC audits 43% of
Fortune 1000 companies.
On May 15, 2006 PwC announced that it will create a new audit firm in Japan after its Japanese affiliate, Chuo Aoyama, was ordered to halt auditing services for two months by the Japanese Financial Services Agency. The regulator specifically cited Chuo Aoyama's audit of cosmetics company Kanebo Ltd., in which three of the firm's partners allegedly assisted with accounting fraud and boosted earnings for the company by about $1.9 billion over the course of five years.
A permanent new and independent audit firm will be created in Japan, with PwC also maintaining a partnership with Chuo Aoyama for local client work.
The global firm has acted quickly to stem any possible client attrition as a result of the scandal. Shortly after the suspension was announced, Sam DiPiazza, the Global CEO, issued a statement to the firm's most senior partners outlining the steps the firm would take. Part of the response includes dispatching a team of the most senior global partners to Japan, including the former engagement leader from the Unilever audit in the UK, to manage the relationship with a number of key Japanese clients such as Toyota and SONY. There is significant concern that the Firm's reputation will be harmed amongst its 2,300 Japanese clients, particularly after Shiseido announced the signing of an audit agreement with KPMG.
PwC sponsors the PwC Honors Program at the
Binghamton University School of Management. This distinguished membership is offered to the top 10% of students in the business and accounting programs.
Binghamton University, part of the
SUNY System, is ranked the number one public university in the Northeast United States. Incidentally, they are the second largest feeder of employees into PricewaterhouseCoopers.
Because its major asset is the expertise of its personnel, the firm has a competitive recruiting program. PricewaterhouseCoopers is one of the
top 10 companies for working mothers in 2004 according to Working Mother Media. PricewaterhouseCoopers was also recently included in
Fortune magazine's "100 Best Companies to Work For" list,
coming it at number 71 in 2006. According to statistics compiled by the firm from third party sources, PwC ranks in as the number 1
employer of choice among the Big 4 in
student recruiting
surveys from 12 countries including
China,
Germany,
United Kingdom and the
United States [
2].
Not all its staff can (nor want to) become partners in the firm, and so many leave after gaining experience. Consequently PwC is effectively a large training organisation for
accountants and its
alumni can be found all over the world.
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Screenshot of the PwC Consulting webpage indicating the IBM merger |
Though the firm's core business is
audit, it had created a large professional
consulting branch, as did other major accountancy firms, generating about 35% of its fees. Management Consulting Services (MCS) was the fastest growing and often most profitable area of the practice, though it was cyclical. The major cause for growth in the Nineties was the implementation of complex integrated
ERP systems such as
SAP R/3 for multi-national companies.
However PwC came under increasing pressure to avoid conflicts of interests by not providing consulting services to its audit clients. Since it audited a large proportion of the world's largest companies, this was beginning to limit its potential market. These conflicts were going to increase when additional services such as the
outsourcing of ERP systems were offered. For these reasons, in 2000,
Ernst & Young was the first of the
Big Four to sell its consulting services, to
Capgemini.
PwC therefore planned to capitalize on MCS's rapid growth through its sale to (for a reported $17 billion) but negotiations broke down in
2000. PwC announced in May
2002 that its consulting activities would be spun off as an independent entity. An outside
consultancy,
Wolf Olins, was hired to create a
brand image for the new entity, called "Monday". According to a June
2002 BBC news article, the firm's
CEO,
Greg Brenneman described the unusual name as "a real word, concise, recognisable, global and the right fit for a company that works hard to deliver results." These plans were soon revised, however. In October
2002 PricewaterhouseCoopers sold the consultancy business to
IBM for approximately $3.9 billion in cash and stock.
Today, PwC brands its remaining consulting activities as Advisory Services, directed globally by Alec Jones in PwC London. Advisory services are organized by country and by industry sector. PwC also has developed several broader consulting initiatives in the
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework, including a global effort to assist corporations with outsourcing, as well as a global political risk assessment and risk management service with the political risk advisory firm
Eurasia Group.
Advisory services offered by PwC also include two
actuarial consultancy departments; "Actuarial and Insurance Management Solutions" (AIMS) and a sub branch of "Human Resource Services" (HRS). Actuarial covers mainly 4 areas:
pensions,
life insurance,
non-life insurance and
investments. AIMS deals with life and non-life insurance and investments while HRS deals mainly with pensions. The actuarial functions supplied by PwC include advice to the PwC accountants on insurance company financial reporting, advising buyers and targets on (mainly insurance )
M&A's and
financial modelling.
PwC serves the U.S. federal government through their Washington Federal Practice (WFP). PwC has over 2000 professionals based in the Washington Metro Corridor. WFP's mission is to become the U.S. Federal Government's preferred provider of advisory and assurance services. PwC WFP helps government agencies solve complex business issues, manage risk and add value to performance through their comprehensive service offerings in financial management, program management, operations improvement, and security and data management.
*
Big Four auditors*
Sarbanes-Oxley Act*
PwC official website*
PwC correspondent legal consulting form, Landwell*
PwC Corporate Anthem*
Monday Name Change for PWC,
BBC, June
2002. News article: with links to related stories on rebranding and Accenture.
*
History referenced from Hoover's. (premium login required)
