Proverb
A
proverb (from the
Latin proverbium) is a saying popularly known and repeated, usually expressing simply and concretely, though often metaphorically; a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of mankind. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a
maxim. If a proverb is distinguished by particularly good style, it may be known as an
aphorism.
Proverbs are often borrowed from different languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to the present through more than one language. Both the Bible and medieval Latin have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Western Europe and even further.
The study of proverbs is called
paremiology (from
Greek paremia = proverb) and can be dated back as far as
Aristotle.
Paremiography, on the other hand, is the collection of proverbs. Currently, the foremost proverb scholar in the United States is Wolfgang Mieder, who defined the term
proverb as follows:
:"A proverb is a short, generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed and memorizable form and which is handed down from generation to generation." (Mieder 1985:119; also in Mieder 1993:24)
Subgenres include proverbial expressions ("to bite the dust"), proverbial comparisons ("as busy as a bee"), proverbial interrogatives ("Does a chicken have lips?") and twin formulas ("give and take").
Another subcategory are
wellerisms, named after
Sam Weller from
Charles Dickens's
The Pickwick Papers (1837). They are constructed in a triadic manner which consists of a statement (often a proverb), an identification of a speaker (person or animal) and a phrase that places the statement into an unexpected situation. Ex.: "Every evil is followed by some good," as the man said when his wife died the day after he became bankrupt.
Typical stylistic features of proverbs (as Shirley Arora points out in
The Perception of Proverbiality (1984)) are:
*
alliteration (Forgive and forget)
*
parallelism (Nothing ventured, nothing gained)
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rhyme (When the cat is away, the mice will play)
*
ellipsis (Once bitten, twice shy)
Internal features that can be found quite frequently include :
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hyperbole (All is fair in love and war)
*
paradox (The longest way around is the shortest way home)
*
personification (Hunger is the best cook)
To make the respective statement more general most proverbs are based on a
metaphor. Further typical features of the proverb are its shortness (average: seven words), and the fact that its author is generally unknown (otherwise it would be a quotation).
* Mieder, Wolfgang.
Proverbs â€" A Handbook. Greenwood Press. London, 2004.
*
World Proverbs Collection, a database of proverbs sorted by origin and alphabetically.
