Riism
Riism (
Riismo in
Esperanto) is a modification of
Esperanto to make its treatment of gender symmetric, by incorporating
non-sexist language and
gender-neutral pronouns.
According to the
Prezento de Riismo, in Riism:
*The pronoun
ri replaces the pronouns
li and
ŝi. One does not use the pronouns
li or
ŝi.
*The
suffix -iĉ- is used symmetrically with the suffix
-in-. These are used in order to emphasize the sex of a noun, or to specify it when necessary.
*All nouns without the suffixes
-iĉ- or
-in- are epicene (have no gender). However, if there is danger of confusion, one may specifically indicate the lack of gender with the
prefix ge-. :For example, a
dentisto can be a
dentistiĉo (masculine) or a
dentistino (feminine); a
(ge)patro (parent) is either a
patriĉo (father) or a
patrino (mother).
Use of the pronoun
ri parallels usage in many natural languages, such as
Finnish,
Swahili and
Chinese, in which the third-person pronouns have no distinction between feminine and masculine. Esperanto has a gender-neutral (or
epicene) third-person pronoun,
ĝi, but this has been dispreferred because it translates English
it, and is often thought to be inanimate.
The masculine suffix
-iĉ- has been independently invented many times, by symmetrically leveling out the three gendered suffixes to four:
-nj- (affectionate feminine),
-ĉj- (affectionate masculine),
-in- (feminine), therefore
-iĉ- (masculine).
The suffix and radical changes of riism do not increase the number of basic forms of the language. Both riist and non-riist (standard) Esperanto have three relevant forms: one morphologically unmarked and two marked. The difference lies in the assignment of gender:
*
Standard: The unmarked form of the 20 or so gendered nouns is masculine, and the two marked forms are the feminine and the inclusive/epicene.
E.g. patro (father) versus
patrino (mother) and
gepatroj (parents [of both sexes]), the latter extended by some speakers to an epicene singular
gepatro (parent).
*
Riist: The unmarked form is epicene, and the two marked forms are the feminine and the masculine.
E.g. patro, (parent), versus
patrino (mother) and
patriĉo (father).
Riism does not eliminate the
prefix ge-. In order for a riist and a speaker of standard
Esperanto to communicate without confusion, the riist can add the prefix
ge-, when in standard Esperanto usage the noun would be masculine.
However, for all but a couple dozen words, the standard Esperanto word is epicene, and
ge- is not required. For example,
dentisto is a dentist of unespecified sex in both riist and in modern standard Esperanto. The main words where the prefix
ge- can be useful are:
*Kin terms:
avo edzo fianĉo filo frato kuzo nepo nevo onklo patro vidvo*Words for boys and men:
bubo knabo viro*Titles:
fraŭlo grafo princo reĝo sinjoro*
amiko (friend)
Some critics of
Riism consider the elimination of
li and
ŝi to be a major fault. They contend that the gendered pronouns are useful for the very same reasons of emphasis and precision that the suffixes
-iĉ- and
-in- are; and that while
Riism eliminates a sexual inconsistency for nouns, its requirement that
li and
ŝi be
wholly eliminated (as opposed to being relegated to those uses where sex is specifically implied) introduces an inconsistency in gender between nouns and pronouns. (
Ido has solved this problem by using four gendered pronouns: masculine, feminine, epicene, and inanimate.)
Indeed, several languages with epicene pronouns have introduced gender distinctions in order to more easily translate from gendered European languages, supporting the argument that the
he-she distinction is worth maintaining. For instance, Japanese has two nouns,
kare and
kanojo, that can be used as masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns, and Chinese has introduced a graphic distinction for the feminine when writing the epicene pronoun
tā, with the old grapheme now assumed to be masculine.
The pronoun
ri would also cause problems with comprehension, a common flaw with proposals made on paper but not used much in actual conversation. Many verbs begin with
ri-, to avoid confusion with verbs having the prefix
re-. Since personal pronouns are most commonly used immediately before a verb, the pronoun
ri would cause similar ambiguity:
ri gardas (s/he keeps) vs.
rigardas (looks),
ri petas (s/he asks) vs.
ripetas (repeats), etc. Critics making this objection often propose that the epicene pronoun should be
gi, by analogy with the prefix
ge-.
Other critics argue that the alleged lack of an epicene pronoun is spurious, because Zamenhof himself specified that
ĝi should be used when the sex of an individual is unknown, and that the idea that
ĝi cannot be used for people is due to interference from English. In Zamenhof's day it was customary to specify gender whenever it was known, and indeed in many European languages this is grammatically required. A shift from
li and
ŝi to
ĝi could be argued to be a stylistic change similar to the ongoing shift from copula-plus-adjective to verb (such as
bluas for
estas blua), and that nothing so radical as the creation of a new pronoun is required.
A similar semantic change has taken place with gender of Esperanto nouns. In the early days of the language, members of a profession were assumed to be masculine unless specified otherwise with
-in-, reflecting the expectations of most industrial societies. That is,
dentisto was a male dentist, and
instruisto was a male teacher. These became gender neutral in the mid-to-late 20
th century in Esperanto, just as actor and author did in English, because of social transformation. The list above shows the gendered nouns that are left today; they remain masculine only because, officially at least, Esperanto has no other way of indicating masculine gender.
Meanwhile, many Esperantists use the work-around of the demonstrative pronoun tiu (this/that) as an epicene personal pronoun, but only when li or ŝi would be inappropriate.* Prezento de Riismo the manifesto for Riism
* Another commentary on Riismo proposes that ri should really have been gi.
* Esperanto Idiosyncrasies : Sexism - Discussion of Riism with mention of the gi and hi proposals.
