Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte (
pron. IPA: //
[The presented pronunciation is in Brazilian Portuguese. The European Portuguese pronunciation is: //.]) is one of the
states of
Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the edge of the
South American continent.
Rio Grande do Norte is dominated by its coastline. The state is famed for its
beaches and
sand dunes, and the air is, according to
NASA, the cleanest in South America.
Two climates predominate: humid tropical, in the oriental
littoral, and semi-arid, in the remaining (most part) of the State (including the setentrional coast). It is worthy noticing that, unlike other States of the Brazilian northeast (namely: ParaÃba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia), there is not in Rio Grande do Norte the transition zone called agreste; the main reason for this is that those other States are cut across by a large mountain chain called Serra da Borborema (which goes parallel to the coast and physically separates the humid coast from the dry sertao), and this chain enters just a few dozen miles into Rio Grande do Norte.
The rainforest which once covered most of Brazil´s coast had its northern end in the south of Rio Grande do Norte; the north of Natal, the capital, is taken by dunes, a kind of formation associated with the semi-arid climate.
The semi-arid is characterized not only by low levels of pluviosity, but also by its irregularity; not rarely, years go by with no or very little rain; most of the interior of the State is included in the Polygon of Droughts (an area which receives special attention from the federal government).
There are also many
mangroves in the state, and the interior is dominated by
rainforest.
Rocas Atoll in the
Atlantic Ocean, 260 km Northeast of
Natal, also belongs to Rio Grande do Norte state.
Probably, the first
European to reach the region was the
Spaniard Alonso de Ojeda in
1499. In the
16th century (between
1535 and
1598), it was explored by French pirates in search for
brazilwood. In 1598, the
Portuguese built the
Forte dos Reis Magos and, in the following year, founded the city of
Natal. Rasing cattle and sugarcane plantation lifted the local development and economy.
In
1633, the area became a battleground between the expansionistic Portuguese, seeking to take more land for their Brazilian territories, and the
Dutch, who gained a foothold in South America.
After a short period of peace and prosperity in Olinda and Recife, the sugar prices went down in the market of Amsterdam and the region entered into a serious economical crisis. The economical problems lead the Portuguese settlers and native Brazilians to revolt against the Dutch in what is known today as the massacres of Cunhaú and Uruaçu.
The religious confrontations (the Portuguese-Brazilian catholicism and the Dutch Calvinism), Portugal's restoration of the throne in 1640 and the reconquest of Maranhão in 1643 lead the Portuguese-Brazilians to the 1645 uprising, leaded by André Vidal de Negreiros and João Fernandes Vieira. The governor of
Bahia promised new Portuguese troops, but most of the rebels were Africans and Amerindians. In 1654, the Dutch were finally cast out.
During
World War II, Rio Grande do Norte was used as an
Allied airbase from which to launch
air raids on
German-occupied
North Africa.
In
1964,
Latin America's first
space launch site was constructed in Rio Grande do Norte;
Barreira do Inferno (
Hell's Barrier), which is often referred to as the "Brazilian
NASA".
Historically, Rio Grande do Norte has relied upon sugar and cattle for economic gain. However, since the
1980s, the state government has realised that
tourism is a lucrative industry, and more money is being poured into the construction of tourist resorts, and restoring colonial buildings in major cities.
Fruit is also grown in Rio Grande do Norte, with the state supplying 70% of Brazil's
melons, and the state is famed for its
mango and
cashew fields. The world's largest cashew tree is located in the state; it has a
circumference of 500 metres and occupies an area of 7,300m², making it 70 times the size of average cashew trees.
Other cities include:
*
Açu*
Angicos*
Apodi*
Ceará-Mirim*
Currais Novos*
Parnamirim*
Japi*
Mossoró*
Caicó*
São FernandoSee also:
*
List of cities in Brazil (all cities and municipalities)
The flag was adopted on
December 3 1957. It is based on a design by Luis de Camara Cascudo. In the middle of the flag is the coat of arms of the state, which was adopted on
July 1 1909. It shows a sailing boat at the coast in the middle, representing the fishing and salt industries. Above it is a bar which shows two flowers on the sides and two cotton bolls in the center. To the sides of the shield are a
coconut palm to the right and a carnauba palm to the left, connected by two branches of
sugar cane. The star above represents the state as part of Brazil.
*
Rio Grande do Norte Official Website (in Portuguese)
*
Rio Grande do Norte at Embassy of Brazil in London (in English)
*
Natal (in English. Information for the foreigner tourists visiting Natal and neighbourhood)
