Saarland
Saarland is one of the 16
states of Germany. The capital is
Saarbrücken. It has an area of 2570 km² and 1.08 million inhabitants. In both area and population it is the smallest of the German
Flächenländer ("area states"), i.e., those that are not
City States.
The state borders
France (département of the
Moselle) in the south and west,
Luxembourg in the west and
Rheinland-Pfalz in the north and the east.
It is named after the
Saar River, which is an
tributary of the
Moselle River (a
Rhine tributary) and runs through the state from the south to the northwest. Most inhabitants live in a city agglomeration on the French border, surrounding the capital of Saarbrücken.
See also
List of places in Saarland.
Saarland is divided into six districts:
 |
Saarland_map.png |
#
Merzig-Wadern#
Neunkirchen#
Saarbrücken#
Saarlouis#
Saarpfalz#
Sankt Wendel1920 the
Saargebiet was created in accordance with the
Treaty of Versailles. It comprised portions of the
Prussian
Rhine Province and the
Bavarian
Rhenish Palatinate. The area was put under the control of the
League of Nations represented by the following Chairmen of the Commission of Government:
*26 February 1920 - 18 March 1926 Victor Rault (France) (b. 1858 - d. 19..)
*18 March 1926 - 8 June 1927 George Washington Stephens (Canada) (b. 1866 - d. 1942)
*8 June 1927 - 1 April 1932 Sir Ernest Colville Collins Wilton (UK) (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
*1 April 1932 - 1 March 1935 Geoffrey George Knox (from 1935, Sir Geoffrey George Knox) (UK) (b. 1884 - d. 1958) It was in practice administered by
France for 15 years, very much against the wishes of almost all Germans both inside and outside the territory.
In
1933, a considerable number of anti-
Nazi Germans fled to the Saar, as it was the only remaining part of Germany that was neither annexed by foreign countries (
Memelland) nor under the political control of the
Third Reich.
As a result, anti-Nazi groups campaigned heavily for the Saarland to remain under French control as long as
Adolf Hitler ruled Germany. However, due to century-long experience with France (see
French-German enmity) only a small number sympathized openly with France.
When the original 15-year-term was over, a
plebiscite was held in the territory on
13 January 1935: 90.3% of those voting wished to join
Germany rather than share the fate of
Alsace-Lorraine which came under the control of
France without a plebiscite.
The Nazis appointed Josef Bürckel (b. 1895 - d. 1944) on 1 March 1935 as
Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes. When the re-incorporation was considered accomplished, the style was then changed from 17 June 1936 to
Reichskommissar für das Saarland. A further change was from 8 April 1940 to
Reichskommissar für die Saarpfalz; finally from 11 March 1941, he was made
Reichsstatthalter in der "Westmark" (the region's new name, meaning "Western
March or Border"), till 28 September 1944 when he was succeeded by Willi Stöhr (b. 1903, also NSDAP), until 21 March 1945.
After
World War II the Saarland came under French administration again, as the
Saar Protectorate.
An official reason for that was given by the United States
Secretary of State James F. Byrnes in a speech [
1] in 1946 as
The United States does not feel that it can deny to France, which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years, its claim to the Saar territory.
The
Morgenthau Plan of 1944, which became heavily entrenched in parts of the U.S. government, might also have influenced the U.S. decision to transfer the Saar to France, as it spelled out the need to cripple Germany industrially in order to preclude future wars. In order to achieve this, Germany would, amongst other things, have to surrender the areas richest in industry or the minerals necessary for industrial production (coal and iron). These areas included
Silesia, the
Ruhr area and the Saarland.
The
Saar Protectorate was headed by a military governor from 30 August 1945: Gilbert Yves Édmond Grandval (b. 1904 - d. 1981), who remained on 1 January 1948 as
High Commissioner, and January 1952 - June 1955 as the first of two French '
Ambassadors', his successor being Eric de Carbonnel (b. 1910 - d. 1965) till 1956. However Saarland was allowed a regional administration very soon, consecutively headed by:
*a President of the Government:
**31 July 1945 - 8 June 1946: Hans Neureuther, Non-party
*a Chairman of the (until 15 December 1947, Provisional) Administration Commission:
** 8 June 1946 - 20 December 1947: Erwin Müller (b. 1906 - d. 1968), Non-party
*Minister-presidents (as in any
Bundesland):
**20 December 1947 - 29 October 1955 Johannes Hoffmann (b. 1890 - d. 1967), CVP
**29 October 1955 - 10 January 1956 Heinrich Welsch (b. 1888 - d. 1976), Non-party
**10 January 1956 - 4 June 1957 Hubert Ney (b. 1892 - d. 1984),
CDU In
1954, France and the
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) developed a very detailed plan, called the
Saarstatut, to establish an independent Saarland, but a second plebiscite rejected this plan by 67.7%. French attempts to limit campaigning against this plan using undemocratic means did not sit well with the inhabitants, and made the plebiscite's result more decisive than had been expected. On
October 27,
1956, the
Saar Treaty established that Saarland should be allowed to rejoin the Federal Republic of Germany, which it did on
January 1,
1957.
The Saarland's reunification with the Federal Republic of Germany was sometimes referred to as the
kleine Wiedervereinigung ('small reunification', as opposed to the post-cold war reabsorption of the
GDR). The
French Franc remained for another year as the territory's currency, until West Germany's
Deutsche Mark replaced it in
1958. The Saar Treaty established that
French, not
English as in the rest of West Germany, should remain the first foreign language taught in Saarland schools; this provision is still largely followed today, although no longer binding.
The
Saar competed in the qualifying section of the
1954 football World Cup, but failed after coming second to
West Germany but ahead of
Norway. They also competed in the
1952 Summer Olympics (see
Saarland at the 1952 Summer Olympics).
From 1920 to 1935, and then from 1947 to 1959, the inhabitants used
postage stamps issued specially for the territory; see
postage stamps and postal history of the Saar for details.
In 1954, the Paris mint coined 10, 20, and 50 "franken" pieces. The following year a 100 franken was also minted. Following reunification Saarland switched to the West German mark.
Between 1950 and 1956,Saarland was a member of the
Council of Europe.
#
1920 -
1926:
Victor Rault (
France)#
1926 -
1927:
George Washington Stephens (
Canada)#
1927 -
1932: Sir
Ernest Colville Collins Wilton (
United Kingdom)#
1932 -
1935:
Geoffrey George Knox (
United Kingdom)#
1935 -
1944:
Josef Bürckel (
NSDAP)#
1944 -
1945:
Willi Stöhr (
NSDAP) #
1945 -
1946:
Hans Neureuther#
1946 -
1947:
Erwin Müller#
1947 -
1955:
Johannes Hoffmann (
CVP)#
1955 -
1956:
Heinrich Welsch (no party)#
1956 -
1957:
Hubert Ney (
CDU)#
1957 -
1959:
Egon Reinert (
CDU)#
1959 -
1979:
Franz Josef Röder (
CDU)#
1979 -
1985:
Werner Zeyer (
CDU)#
1985 -
1998:
Oskar Lafontaine (
SPD)#
1998 -
1999:
Reinhard Klimmt (
SPD)# since
1999:
Peter Müller (
CDU)
See also: Saarland state election, 2004 |
Seat results -- SPD in red, CDU in black, Greens in green, FDP in yellow |
Although falsely believed by some to be
francophoneâ€"likely due to its history and some French town names such as
Saarlouis and Beaumaraisâ€", the native population of the Saarland speaks
Rhine Franconian (in the southwest) and
Moselle Franconian (in the northeast), dialects of
German. Outside of the Saarland, specifically the Rhine Franconian variant spoken in the Landeshauptstadt
Saarbrücken is generally considered to be
the Saarland dialect. In general, both dialects are an integral part of the "Saarlandish" identity and thus a strong source of
local patriotism.
Both dialects, even more so in their respective Saarland flavour, share many characteristic features, some of which will be explained below.
A curious fact is that female persons are grammatically not attributed the feminine, but the neutral "gender". The result are phrases such as
Es hat mir's gesaat (
it told me so, instead of
she told me so; vs. correct High German:
Sie hat es mir gesagt). This fact stems from the word
Mädchen (girl) being neutral in the German language.
The
conjunctive is normally composed with the words
dääd ("would do") or
gäng ("would go") as auxiliary verbs:
Isch dääd saan, dass... ("I would say that...") instead of correct High German
Ich würde sagen, dass....
Declension is rather different:
*The
Genitive case does not exist at all and is entirely replaced by constructs with the
Dative case.
*In most cases, a word is not altered when cast into the Dative case. Exceptions are mostly
pronouns.
*The same holds for the
Accusative case. Even more so, it is accepted practice to use the
Nominative case instead of the Accusative.
Diphthongs are almost non-existent. The Saarlandish variant of a High-German word that contains a diphthong usually will have a long
vowel in its place. Moreover, the vowel
ü does not exist in the dialect. It is mostly replaced by
i.
The French language has had a considerable influence on the vocabulary, although the pronunciation of imported French words usually is quite different from their original. Popular examples comprise
Trottwaa (from
trottoir),
Fissääl (from
ficelle), and the imperative or greeting
aalleh! (from
allez!).
A curious fact is that the English phrase
My house is green is pronounced almost the same (in the Rhine Franconian variant):
Mei Haus is grien. The main difference lies in the pronunciation of the
r sound.
*
Saar Offensive*
Saarland University*
Saar Protectorate, 1947 to 1957*
Monnet Plan*
Official governmental portal*
Statistics office*
WorldStatesmen - Germany*
France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland Describes the contest for the Saar over the centuries.
