Seine

This article is about the river in France. For other rivers named Seine, see Seine River (disambiguation). For the old Seine département, see Seine (département). A seine is also a kind of fishing net, see: seine (fishing).

The Seine (pronounced in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. It is also a tourist attraction, particularly within the city of Paris.

Origin of the name

The name "Seine" comes from the Latin Sequana, which itself comes from Gaulish (Celtic) Sicauna. The name Sicauna is made up of Celtic sakw, which means "sacred" and comes from the Proto-Indo-European root sak- (which also gave Latin sacer and sanctus, which in turn gave English sacred and saint), and from a Celtic (or more probably Pre-Indo-European) suffix -onna which means "source, river", and which can be found in the name of many rivers of western Europe (such as the Garonne or the Dordogne). The name "Sakw -onna" ("sacred source", "sacred river"), is also the name of several other western European rivers, such as the Saône River, and possibly also the River Shannon.

Another proposed etymology posits that Sequana is the Latin version of Gaulish Isicauna. Is-Icauna would be the diminutive of Icauna, which was the Gaulish name of the Yonne River. The ancient Gauls considered the Seine to be a tributary of the Yonne, which indeed presents a greater average discharge than the Seine (the river flowing through Paris should be called Yonne if the standard rules of geography were applied). Icauna comes from the Pre-Indo-European roots inka -onna. Further research will be needed to decide between both etymologies.

The Seine starts near Dijon in northern France, flows through Paris and into the English Channel.

Further downstream in what is now Normandy, the Seine was known as Rodo, or Roto, which is a traditional Celtic name for rivers, and is also the original name of the Rhône River (see Rhône article for further explanations). This is proved by the name of Rouen, which was Rotomagos in Gaulish, meaning "field, plain (magos in Gaulish, whose meaning evolved into "market") of the Roto".

Navigation

The Seine is dredged and oceangoing vessels can dock at Rouen, 120 km (75 miles) from the sea. Commercial riverboats can use the river from Bar-sur-Seine, 560 km (350 miles) from its mouth. At Paris, the river is only 24 metres (80 feet) above sea level, 445 km (277 miles) from its mouth, making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable.

The tidal section of the river, from Le Havre to well beyond Rouen, is followed by a canalized section with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise river at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine. Then two more multiple locks at Bougival / Chatou and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris, where the mouth of the Marne River is located. Upstream from Paris seven more locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammès (where the Loing mouth is situated). Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Monterau. From the mouth of the Yonne, larger ships can continue upstream the Seine till Nogent-sur-Seine. From there on, the river is only navigable for small craft. All navigation ends abruptly at Marcilly-sur-Seine, where the ancient Canal de la Haute Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes. This canal has been abandoned for many years now. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways Database)

The average depth of the Seine today at Paris is about eight metres. Until locks were installed to artificially raise the level in the 1800s, however, the river was much shallower within the city most of the time, and consisted only of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks (visible in many illustrations of the period). Today depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built-up banks on either side is normally filled with water. The average flow of the river is very low, only a few cubic metres per second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff. Special reservoirs upstream help to maintain a constant level for the river through the city, but during periods of extreme runoff significant increases in river level may occur. A very severe period of high water in January 1910 produced extensive flooding throughout the city.

Until the 1930s, a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver.

Panoramic view of the Seine in Paris with St-Michel bridge on the left and Notre-Dame cathedral to the right

Geography

Main tributaries of the Seine and their length

* Aube (R) - 248 km
* Yonne (L) - 293 km
* Loing (L) - 166 km
* Essonne (L) - 90 km
* Orge (L) - 50 km
* Marne (R) - 525 km
* Oise (R) - 302 km
* Epte (R) - 100 km
* Andelle (R) - 54 km
* Eure (L) - 225 km
* Risle (L) - 140 km. It flows into the Seine estuarynote: R=Right L=Left

Départements crossed

* Seine-Maritime
* Eure
* Yvelines
* Hauts-de-Seine
* Paris
* Val-de-Marne
* Seine-et-Marne
* Aube
* Côte-d'Or

History

The Seine River was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by D+90 (ie 90 days after D-Day. That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Foret de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy.

Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the river, known as “le mascaret.”

The Banks of the Seine in Paris were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1991.

The Seine and its painters

During the 19th and the 20th centuries, the Seine has inspired many painters among whom:

Richard Parkes Bonnington, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Camille Corot, Eugène Isabey, Constant Troyon, Charles François Daubigny,

Eugène Boudin, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Claude Monet, Frédéric Bazille,

Vuillard, Vallotton, Dufy, Emile Othon Friesz, Albert Marquet,

Emilio Grau Sala, Gaston Sébire, Maurice Boitel,

See also

* 1961 Paris massacre
* Seine (département)
* Bateaux Mouches Sightseeing boats of the Seine
* Water pollution