Shiva
This article is about Shiva, an aspect of God in Hinduism. For other uses of the word, see Siva (disambiguation)) is a form of
Ishvara or
God in the later
Vedic scriptures of
Hinduism. Shiva is the supreme God in
Shaivism, one of the major branches of Hinduism.
Adi Sankara interprets the name
Shiva meaning
"One who purifies everyone by the utterance of His name" or
the Pure One. That is, Shiva is unaffected by the three
gunas (characteristics) of
Prakrti (matter/nature) namely
Satva,
Rajas, and
Tamas.
Shiva is one of the
Trimurti (i.e "trinity"). In the
Trimurti, Shiva is the destroyer, and
Brahma is the creator and
Vishnu is the preserver. Even though he represents destruction, Shiva is viewed as a positive force (The Destroyer of
Evil), since creation follows destruction. However, according to Shaivism, Shiva is not merely a destroyer but performs five functions: 1. Creator, 2. Preserver, 3. Destroyer, 4. Hiding the sins, and most importantly, 5. Blessing.
Other views contend that Shiva produces Vishnu who produces
Brahma and thus creation began, within which the cycle of the Trimurti exists. Shiva also assumes many other roles, including the Lord of Ascetics (
Mahadeva, or the Great God), the Lord of
Boons (
Rudra, or The Howler - rud-iti rudra), and also the Universal Divinity (Maheshvara, the Great Lord).
Shaivaites, the worshippers of Shiva consider as the Ultimate Reality (see
Ishta-Deva for fuller discussion).
Shiva is usually represented by the
Shiva linga (or
lingam), usually depicted as a clay mound with three horizontal stripes on it, or visualised as a flaming pillar. In anthropomorphised images, he is generally represented as immersed in deep meditation on
Mount Kailash, his traditional abode.
Shiva is referred to as
the good one or the
auspicious one. Shiva as
Rudra is considered to be the destroyer of evil and sorrow. Shiva as Shankara is the doer of good. Shiva is '
tri netra' (divine vision), and is 'Nīlakantha' (= "blue necked", as he consumed the poison
Halahala to save the world from destruction). Shiva as
Nataraja is the Divine Cosmic Dancer. Shiva as
Ardh narishvara is both man and woman.
He is both static and dynamic; both creator and destroyer. He is the oldest and the youngest; he is the eternal youth as well as the infant. He is the source of fertility in all living beings. He has gentle as well as fierce forms. Shiva is the greatest of renouncers as well as the ideal lover. He destroys evil and protects good. He bestows prosperity on worshipers although he is austere. He is omnipresent and resides in everyone as pure consciousness.
Shiva is inseparable from
Parvati (also referred to as
Shakti), who is the daughter of
Himavant and
Haimavatī. There is no Shiva without Shakti and no Shakti without Shiva; the two are one, the absolute state of being - consciousness and bliss. Shakti in turn is the entire energy of the cosmos. Shiva is said to have shared half of his body for Shakti and is known as
Ardhanarishwara(half woman, half man) in this form. In Hinduism, Shiva is said to have taken this form is to depict the equality of men and women.
The five mantras that constitute Shiva's body are
Sadyojaata,
Vaamadeva,
Aghora,
Tatpurusha and
Eesaana.
Sadyojaata is Shiva realized in his basic reality (as in the element earth, in the sense of smell, in the power of procreation and in the mind). "Eesaana" is Shiva invisible to the human eye. The
Vishnudharmottara Purana of the 6th century BCE assigns a face and an element to each of the above
mantras (Sadyojaata - earth, Vaamadeva - water, Aghora -
fire, Tatpurusha -
air and Eesaana -
space).
The names of the deified faces with their elements are Mahadeva (
earth), Uma (
water), Bhairava (
fire), Nandi (
air) and Sadasiva (
space).
In Shiva temples,
Navagraha (9 planets),
Ganesh,
Skanda,
Saraswati,
Lakshmi,
Vishnu,
Brahma,
Ashtathig balar,
Durga,
Bairava, and all the other Hindu gods will have the place, denoting that Shiva is unique among the gods, so that only he is in a shapeless form (i.e. in
linga form).
The five different avataras(forms) of Shiva are # Bhairava भैरव# Nataraja नतरज# Dakshinamurthy दक्षिनमुर्थ्य् # Somaskandha सोमस्कन्ध# Pitkchadanar पित्क्चदनर्
In most of the South Indian temples, we can see all the five forms in a Shiva temple. All the five characteristics in a single face is said to be
Sadashiva.
Shiva is not limited to the personal characteristics as he is given in many images and can transcend all attributes. Hence, Shiva is often worshipped in an abstract manner, as God without form, in the form of
linga. This view is similar in some ways to the view of God in Semitic religions such as
Islam or
Judaism, which hold that God has no personal characteristics. Hindus, on the other hand, believe that God can transcend all personal characteristics and yet have personal characteristics for the grace of the embodied human devotee. Personal characteristics are a way for the devotee to focus on God. Shiva is also described as
Anaadi (without beginning/birth) and
Ananta (without end/death).
The tale about Shiva splitting into two halves of male and female indicates the origin of the
Ardhanarishvara - the union of substance and energy, the Being and his
Shakti (force).
Shiva is the supreme
God of
Shaivism, one of the three main branches of Hinduism today (the others being
Vaishnavism and
Shaktism). His abode is called
Kailasa. His holy Vahana (
Sanskrit for
mount) is
Nandi, the
Bull. His attendant is named
Bhadra. Shiva is usually represented by the
Shiva linga. In anthropomorphised images, he is generally represented as immersed in deep meditation on
Mount Kailash (reputed to be the same as the
Mount Kailash in the south of
Tibet, near the
Manasarovar Lake) in the
Himalayas, his traditional abode).
Shiva is the God of all and is worshipped by all, from
Devas(gods) such as
Brahma,
Indra, by
Asuras(demons) like
Bana,
Ravana, by humans like
Adi Shankara,
Nayanars, by creatures such as
Jatayu, an eagle,
Vali, an ape, and the list goes on and on. Furthermore, the site states that people of different backgrounds and qualities worship the Shiva, with many temples having histories of even
cranes,
bees,
elephants, (see
Kalahasti),
spiders,
snakes, worshipping Shiva and getting blessed. It concludes that the Lord, as the Supreme one, blesses anyone who worships him in sincere devotion as there is no discrimination on who the seeker is.Major deities,
rishis,
planets, worshipped Shiva and established
Shivalingas in various places in India.
#
Ganesh at
Pillayar patti (100 km from
Madurai, India)# The four
Vedas worshipped Shiva at
Thirumaraikaadu (i.e.,
Vedaaranyam near
Tanjore)#
Skanda at
Thiruchendur (200 km from Madurai, India)#
Rama (
avatar of
Vishnu) in
Rameswaram(India)#
Vishnu at
Kanchipuram (
Kachiswarar Temple)#
Parasurama (avatar of Vishnu) at
Sreesailam,
Karnataka and also at
Chennai (Parasurama at
Lingeshwara Temple,
Iyanavaram)# Goddess
Lakshmi (wife of Vishnu) at
Tirupachethi (50 km from
Madurai).# Sungod at Srivilliputhur (Vaidhyanathaar Temple 100 km from Madurai)#
Brahma and
Vishnu at
Tiruvannamalai (180 km from Chennai)# Brahma at
Vrinchipuram (155 km from
Chennai, 15 km from
Vellore)#
Raagu and
Kethu at
Kaalahasthi (50 km from
Tirupathi,
Andhra Pradesh,
India)#
Indra at
Madurai (
Soma Sundareeswar Temple)# The Rishi
Agastya at
Papanasam (100 km from
Tirunelveli,
Tamil Nadu, India)# Goddess
Parvati at
Kancheepuram (
Ekambeeswarar Temple, 70 km from
Chennai, India)#
Shani at
Thirnallar (near
Kaaraikal,
Pondicherry)#
Moongod at
Thingalur (near
Tanjore)# Shiva and
Sani at
Thirvidaimaruthoor (near
Kumbakonam) #
Brahma at
Kumbakoonam (
Kumbeeswarar, near
Tanjore)
Shiva's consort is
Devi, God's energy or God as the Divine Mother who comes in many different forms, one of whom is
Kali, the goddess of death.
Parvati, a more pacific form of Devi is also popular. Shiva also married
Sati, another form of Devi and daughter of
Daksha, who forbade the marriage. Sati disobeyed her father. Daksha once held a
Yajna (ritual sacrifice) to
Vishnu, but did not invite Shiva. In disgust,
Sati burned herself through yogic meditation (or, in another version, in the same fire Daksha used in his sacrifice). When Shiva's attendants reported the matter, Shiva tore off a lock of his hair and lashed it against the ground. The stalk split in two, one half transforming into the terrifying
gana Virabhadra, while the other caused
Mahakali to manifest on the scene. The pair immediately led Shiva's army of ganas to Daksha's yajna and destroyed it. Daksha was decapitated by
Virabhadra, but was later given the head of a goat to humble him, once the rishis and Brahma had pleaded with Shiva for lenience. Sati was later reborn in the house of Himavat (Himalaya mountain-range personified) and performed great penance (Skt:
Tapasya) to win over Shiva's attention. Her penance brought
Kamadeva and his consort
Rati to the scene, whereupon they attempted to interrupt Shiva's meditation with Kamadeva's arrow of passion. It caused Shiva to break his
Samadhi, but he was so infuriated by Kamadeva's assault that he burned the
deva of passion to ashes on the spot with his glare. It was only after Rati's pleading that Shiva agreed to reincarnate Kamadeva.
Parvati would try again without Kamadeva's aid to win over Shiva, and this time, through her devotion and the persuasion of other rishis, yogis, and devas, he eventually accepted her.
Shiva and Parvati are the parents of
Karthikeya and
Ganesha. Ganesha, the elephant-headed God of wisdom, acquired his head by offending Shiva, by refusing to allow him to enter the house while Parvati was bathing. Shiva sent his ganas to subdue Ganesha, but to no avail. As a last resort, he bade Vishnu confuse the stalwart guardian using his powers of
maya. Then, at the right moment, Shiva hurled Trishula and cut Ganesha's head from his body. Upon finding her guardian dead, Parvati was enraged and called up the many forms of Shakti to devour Shiva's ganas and wreak havoc in
Swargaloka. To pacify her, Shiva brought forth an elephant's head(from North direction) from the forest and set it upon the boy's shoulders, reviving him. Shiva then took Ganesha as his own son and placed him in charge of his ganas. Thus, Ganesha's title is
Ganapati, Lord of the Ganas. In another version, Parvati presented her child to
Shani (the planet
Saturn), whose gaze burned his head to ashes. Brahma bade Shiva to replace with the first head he could find, which happened to be that of an
elephant.
Karthikeya is a six-headed god and was conceived to kill the demon
Tarakasura, who had proven invincible against other gods. Tarakasura had terrorised the devas of Swargaloka so thoroughly that they came to Shiva pleading for his help. Shiva thus assumed a form with five faces, a divine spark emanating from his third eye. He gave the sparks to
Agni and
Vayu to carry to
Ganga and thereupon release. In Ganga's river, the sparks were washed downstream into a pond and found by the
Krittikas, five forest maidens. The sparks transformed into children and were suckled by the
Karttikas, When Shiva,
Parvati, and the other celestials arrived on the scene, there was a debate of who the child belonged to. Further, Parvati, who was the most likely to care for the child, was puzzled as to how she would suckle five children. Suddenly, the child merged into a single being and Shiva blessed him with five separate names for his five sets of parents to settle the debate. The child, despite having been born from five sparks, had a sixth head, a unifying principle which brought together the five aspects of his father's power into a single being. From here, the campaign in which Karttikeya would vanquish
Tarakasura and liberate Swargaloka began.
Shiva also had a son,
Ayyappan with
Mahavishnu in the form of
Mohini.
|
Shiva, shown in his cosmic form. |
The Third Eye: The
third eye of Shiva on his forehead is the eye of wisdom. It is the eye that looks beyond the obvious. The third eye of Shiva is also popularly associated with his untamed energy which destroys the evil doers and sins.
The Cobra Necklace: Shiva is beyond the powers of death and is often the sole support in case of distress. He swallowed the poison kalketu for the wellbeing of the
Universe. The deadly cobra represents that "death" aspect whom Shiva has thoroughly conquered. The
cobras around his neck also represent the dormant energy, called Kundalini, the
serpent power.
Matted hair (Jata): The flow of his matted hair represents him as the lord of wind or Vayu, who is the subtle form of breath present in all living beings. Thus it is Shiva which is the lifeline for all living being. He is
Pashupatinath.
Crescent: Shiva bears on his head the crescent of the fifth day (panchami) moon. This is placed near the fiery third eye and this shows the power of
Soma, the sacrificial offering, which is the representative of moon. It means that Shiva possesses the power of procreation along with the power of destruction. The moon is also a measure of time; thus the Crescent also represents his control over time.
Sacred Ganga: Ganga, the holiest of the holy rivers, flows from the matted hair of Shiva. Shiva allowed an outlet to the great river to traverse the earth and bring purifying water to human being (See:
Origin of Ganga). The flowing water is one of the five elements which compose the whole Universe and from which earth arises. Ganga also denotes fertility one of the creative aspect of the Rudra.
The Drum: The drum in the hand of Shiva is the originator of the universal word which is the source of all the language and expression.
The Vibhuti: Vibhuti is three lines of ashes drawn on the forehead that represents the essence of our Being, which remains after all the malas (impurities of
ignorance,
ego and
action) and vasanas (likes and dislikes, attachments to one's body, world, worldly fame, worldly enjoyments, etc.) have been burnt in the fire of knowledge. Hence vibhuti is revered as the very form of Shiva and signifies the Immortality of the
soul and manifested glory of the Lord.
The Ashes: Shiva smears his body with cemetery ashes points the philosophy of the life and death and the fact that death is the ultimate reality of the life.
Tiger skin: The
tiger is the vehicle of
Shakti, the goddess of power and force. Shiva is beyond and above any kind of force. He is the master of Shakti. The tiger skin that he wears symbolises victory over every force. Tigers also represent lust. Thus sitting on Tiger skin, Shiva indicates that he has conquered lust.
The Elephant & Deer Skin: Shiva also wears
elephant skins. Elephants represent pride. Wearing elephant skin, Shiva indicates that he has conquered pride. Similarly deer represent the jumping of minds (flickering mind). Shiva wears
deer skin which indicates that he has controlled the
mind perfectly.
Rudraksha: Shiva wears wrist bands of
Rudraksha which are supposed to have medicinal properties.
The Trident: The three head of Shiva's
Trishul symbolizes three functions of the triad " the creation, the sustenance and the destruction. The
Trident, in the hand of Shiva indicates that all the three aspects are in his control.
As a weapon the trident represents the instrument of punishment to the evil doer on all the three planes " spiritual, subtle and physical.
Another interpretation of the three headed trident is its head represent the past, the present and the future. The trident in the hand of Rudra indicates his control over the present the past and the future.
Adi Sankara interprets the name
Shiva to mean
"One who purifies everyone by the utterance of His name" or
the Pure One. That is, Shiva is unaffected by the three
gunas (characteristics) of
Prakrti (matter):
Sattva,
Rajas, and
Tamas.
Additionally, Shiva also means, "the Auspicious One." He is often depicted as the husband of
Uma or
Parvati. In the process of manifestation, Shiva is the primeval consciousness and creates the other members of the
trimurti. He is symbolized by the wisdom of the Serpent. He has many other names, for example
Shankara and
Mahadev.
Shiva gave
Parashurama, an avatar of Vishnu, his axe. Shiva's great bow is called
Pināka and thus he is also called
Pinaki. Most depictions of Shiva show the three-pointed spear
Trishula, another of his weapons, in the background. He is also known for having given the
Kshatriya Arjuna the divine weapon (Skt:
Astra)
Pashupata, with the stipulation of using it against someone of equal strength, for the weapon would otherwise lay waste to the mortal realm.
According to the foundation of Kaalism, the goddess
Kali came into existence when Shiva looked into himself. She is considered his mirror image, the divine Adi-shakti or primordial energy while he is the primordial substance.
In another version, she had gone out to destroy the
Asuras storming Swargaloka, but became enraged and erratic. To calm her, Shiva went and lay down on the ground in front of her path. When she stepped on him, she looked down and realized that she had just stepped on Shiva. Taken aback by his actions, she bit her tongue and calmed her fury.
As
Nataraja, Shiva is the Lord of the Dance, and symbolises the dance of the Universe, with all its heavenly bodies and natural laws complimenting and balancing each other. At times, he is also symbolized as doing his great dance of destruction, called
Tandava, at the time of
pralaya, or dissolution of the universe at the end of every
Kalpa.
Some
Hindus, especially
Smartas, believe Shiva to be one of many different forms of the universal
Atman, or
Brahman. Others see him as the one true God from whom all the other deities and principles are emanations. This view is usually related to the
bhakti sects of Shaivism.
Although he is defined as a destroyer (or rather re-creator), Shiva, along with Vishnu, is considered the most benevolent God. One of his names is
Aashutosh, he who is easy to please,
or, he who gives greatly in return for little. Unlike
Vishnu, Shiva does not traditionally have
avatars. However, several persons have been claimed as embodiments of him, such as
Adi Shankara, and there are instances in many legends and teachings where Shiva manifests spontaneously to intervene in human events. Some people also consider
Hanuman to be an aspect of Shiva.
Shiva is the ultimate reality who is the nature of Bliss itself and all complete in Himself. He is beyond description, beyond all manifestation, beyond limitation of form, time and space. He is eternal, infinite, all pervading, all knowing and all powerful.
Indra
Lord
Indra is at times equated with Lord Shiva because both are outsider Gods, both are related to te
Soma and both have similar names. The name "Jahvuh" is the name both deities. Other names such as "Puruhut" also belong to both deities. The name "Puruhut" is related to the
Puru clan, who initially worshipped Indra as Purus were said to be the favored tribe of Indra but in hisotry such as under King
Porus used the
Lingam as their official symbol. Both Gods are also identied with the
Tantric star. In Tantrism, the upper portion of the star represents Shiva. This star is at times depicted to be held by Indra. Shiva is once of 9
Rudra deities and Rudra's children are the Maruts, who are fighters on the side of Indra.
Hanuman
It is said in the
Hanuman Chalisa that Shri Hanuman is an incarnation of Shiva.
Bhairava
Bhairava is another form similar to
Durga's
Kali.
Adi Shankar(acharya)
The -century philospher of the
Vedenta darshana of Hinduism united the Astika Vedics under Vedanta against the Nastik Buddhists and taught them the Vedanta and
Brahman. Adi Shankar believed in the Nirguna Brahman and was himself a worshipper of Shiva. He was named "Shankar" after Lord Shiva.
Agastiya
The Vedic Rishi
Agastya is proposed by some to be an incarnation of Lord Shiva. The Rishi is said to have initiated Shiva-worship by the South Indians.
Nayanars (or Nayanmars), saints from Southern
India, were mostly responsible for development of
Shaivism in the first millennium. Of the schools today, many Śaivite sects are in
Kashmir and Northern India, with
Lingayats and
Virasaivas from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Southern India. The
Saiva Siddhanta is a major Śaivite tradition developed in
Southern India.
Shiva's life is often depicted in short stage dramas to help his devotees (particularly nayanmars) better understand his aspects. This is greatly explained in the
Thiruvilayadalpuram. This form is especially prevalent in South India, particularly
Tamil Nadu.
In
Gaudiya Vaishnavism he is considered the best of devotee of Vishnu (
vaisnavanam yatha sambhu) and also an aspect of Vishnu. The example of milk and yogurt is used to describe their difference in Brahma Samhita. He is depicted as meditating on
Sankarsana, an expansion of
Balarama. He also plays an important role in
Krishna-
lila as Kshetra-pala, protector of
Vrindavan, holy dham of Krishna. As Gopisvara Mahadeva he also guards rasa-lila grounds. Authorship of Sri Sri
Radha-krpa-kataksa-stava-raja (aka Radha Stava) (
text and translation), from the
Urdhvamnaya Tantra, is ascribed to him. This
tantra, contemporarily available only in parts, is praised in chapter 3 of the
Kularnava Tantra as 'the secret of secrets'.
Shiva is an icon of
masculinity. In mythology and folklore, he can be interpreted to inspire masculine characteristics of the most extreme: absolute virility and fertility; aggression, rage and supreme powers in war; his resolve, meditation is absolute, as is his love for his consort. This form of Siva is strongly worshiped in
Tantric Hinduism, especially with the linga as the icon of fertility, piety and the power of Siva.
Apart from
Shaivism, Shiva also inspires
Shaktism in Hinduism, which is strong in
Assam and
West Bengal, the eastern states of India.
Shakti is the root power, force of Shiva. Shakti, his prime consort, is the female half of the Supreme Godhead. It is the root of the life force of every living being, and the entire
Universe. The bond of absolute love, devotion and passion which embodies the existence of Shiva and
Shakti, is considered the Ultimate Godhead form by itself, that a man is an incomplete half without a woman, who is the
Ardhangini, (the Other Half) of his existence and power.
The pilgrimage to
Amarnath (just over the Chinese line of the Himalayas, deep in the highest mountains of the world, on
Mount Kailash) and
Anantnag in
Kashmir are the most difficult and dangerous, yet exalted pilgrimages for Hindus of all sects, ethnic origins and classes. The glaciers in sacred caves forms the
Sivalinga or the natural embodiment of his linga.
Shiva does not occur in the Vedic hymns as the name of a god, but as an adjective in the sense of "kind", or "auspicious". One of his synonyms, however, is the name of a Vedic deity, the attributes and nature of which show a good deal of similarity to the post-Vedic
Rudra. Rudra, the god of the roaring
storm, is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity whose fearful arrows cause death and disease to men and cattle. He is also called Kapardin (wearing his hair spirally braided like a shell), one of the synonyms of Shiva. The
Atharva Veda mentions several other names of the same god, some of which appear even placed together, as in one passage where
Bhava,
Sarva,
Rudra and
Pasupati are conjunct. Some were possibly the names under which the same deity was already worshipped in different parts of Northern India. This was certainly the case in later times, since it is expressly stated in one of the later works of the Brahmana period that Sarva was used by the Eastern people and Bhava by a Western tribe. It is also worthy of note that in the same work, composed at a time when the Vedic triad of Agni, Indra-Vayu and Surya was still recognized, attempts are made to identify the Shiva of many names with Agni; and that in one passage in the
Mahabharata it is stated that the
Brahmins said that Agni was Shiva.
It is in his character as destroyer that Shiva holds his place in the triad, and in this he is identified with the Vedic Rudra. Another very important function appears, however, to have been assigned to him early on. In his modern worship, the role of a destroyer is especially exhibited in his consort Mahakali, whereas Shiva becomes a generative power, symbolized in the, (
lingam). The non-Aryans had worshipped the linga as a phallic symbol, but its relation to the Vedic Rudra is less certain. Plausible conjecture has been put forth that linga symbol was originally prevalent among the non-Aryan population and later introduced into the worship of Shiva due to similarities. On the other hand, there can be little doubt that Shiva, in his generative faculty, is the representative of another Vedic god whose nature and attributes account for this particular feature of the modern deity
Pushan.
The Vedic Shiva was frequently invoked as the lord of nourishment, to bestow food, wealth and other blessings. With the divine
Soma, he was called the progenitor of heaven and earth, and is connected with the marriage ceremony, where he is asked to lead the bride to the bridegroom and make her prosperous (Skt:
Civatama). Additionally, he has the epithet Bapardin, as has Rudra and the later Shiva, and is called Par Upa, or guardian of cattle, whence the latter derives his name Parupati. Parupa is a powerful and even fierce deity, who with his goad or golden spear, smites the foes of his worshipper, and thus in this respect offers some similarity to Rudra, which may have favored the fusion of the two gods into a monotheistic conception of God as Shiva.
In the mid 20th century, scholars like Ragula Sangiruthiyayan attempted to show how the various ancient religious practices were consolidated together by the rigorous effort of the Rishi
Chanakya during the
Gupta Dynasty. According to this school of thought, Rudra and other hunter and forest divinities were collectively brought into the charecteristics of one Godly personage: Shiva. This God was then accepted as originating from Brahman. Similarly, various other smaller gods of southern and western india were related to one single God, namely Vishnu whom then related to
Rama of
Aryan tribes who also was accepted as created by
Brahma.
There is however, the matter of the
Pashupati (Lord of the Beasts) emblem on a seal discovered in
Mohenjodaro, a major city-state in the
Indus Valley Civilization. It puts forward a strong case for Shiva to be a God not of Indo-Aryan roots, but rooted in the people of the Indus valley, and the indigenous
Dravidian and tribal peoples who inhabited the subcontinent. Shiva occupies an exalted, supreme position in
Hinduism, making the case that Hinduism is not an Aryan religion, but a synthesis of Aryan, Dravidian and other influences.
Also see:
JyotirlingaReferences to Shiva as female may have these origins:-
(1) Europeans guessing wrong from the
-a on the end of his name.
(2) Sometimes, his
consort Pārvatī is called
Shivā (with the end vowel long).
The
Shiva Purana lists 108 names for Shiva and the
Shiva sahasranama lists 1008 names. Each of his names, in
Sanskrit, signifies a certain attribute of his. Some of his names are listed below:
Hara Mahādeva (
Sanskrit महादेव) - The Supreme Lord : Maha = great, Deva = God - more often than not, the Aghora (fierce) version
Rudra (
Sanskrit रुद्र) - The one who howls or strict and uncompromising
Maheshwar (
Sanskrit महेश्वर) - The Supreme Lord: Maha = great, Eshwar = God
Rameshwar (
Sanskrit रमेश्वर) - The one whom Ram worships: Ram, Eshwar = worships, God; Ram's God
Mahāyogi (
Sanskrit महायोगी)- The Supreme
Yogi: Maha = great, Yogi = one who practices
YogaMahābaleshwar (
Sanskrit महाबलेश्वर) - God of Great Strength : Maha = great, Bal = strength, Eshwar = God
Trinetra (
Sanskrit त्रिनेत्र) - Three-Eyed One, i.e. All-Knowing: Tri = three, Netra = Eye
Triaksha (
Sanskrit त्रिअक्ष) - Three-Eyed One, i.e. All-Knowing: Tri = three, Aksha = Eye
Trinayana (
Sanskrit त्रिनयन) - Three-Eyed One, i.e. All-Knowing: Tri = three, Nayana = Eye
Tryambakam (
Sanskrit त्र्यम्बकम्) - Three-Eyed One, i.e. All-Knowing: Tri = three, Ambakam = Eye
Mahākala (
Sanskrit महाकाल) - Great Time, i.e. Conqueror of Time: Maha = three, Kala = Time
Neelakaṇtha (
Sanskrit नीलकण्ठ) - The one with a Blue Throat: Neel = blue, Kantha = throat
Digambara (
Sanskrit दिगम्बर) - One who has the skies as his clothes, i.e. The Naked One: Dik = Clothes, Ambara = Sky
Shankara (
Sanskrit शङ्कर) - Giver of Joy
Shambhu (
Sanskrit शम्भु) - Abode of Joy
Vyomkesha (
Sanskrit व्योमकेश) - The One who has the sky as his hair: Vyom = sky, Kesha =hair
Chandrashekhara (
Sanskrit चन्द्रशेखर) - The master of the Moon: Chandra = Moon, Shekhara = master
Siddheshwara (
Sanskrit सिद्धेश्वर) - The Perfect Lord
Trishuldhari (
Sanskrit त्रिशूलधारी) - He who holds the divine
Trishul or Trident: Trishul = Trident, Dhari = He who holds
Dakhshiṇāmurthi (
Sanskrit दक्षिणामूर्ति) - The Cosmic Tutor
Kailashpati (
Sanskrit कैलशपति) - Lord of
Mount KailashPashupatinātha (
Sanskrit पशूपतीनाथ) - Lord of all Creatures or
PashupatiUmāpati (
Sanskrit उमापति) - The husband of Uma
Gangādhara (
Sanskrit गङ्गाधर) - He who holds the
river GangaBhairava (
Sanskrit भैरव) - The Frightful One
Sabesan (
Sanskrit सबेसन्) - Lord who dances in the dais
Nāgaraja (
Sanskrit नागराज) - King of snakes (Lord/Ruler/Controller of snakes)
Ekambaranatha (
Sanskrit एकम्बरनथ) - The destroyer of evil (name used scarcely, mostly in temples)
Tripurāntaka (
Sanskrit त्रिपुरान्तक) - The destroyer of the triplet fortresses,
Tripura, of the Asuras.
Ashutosh*
List of Hindu deities*
Ardhanari*
Siddha Yoga*
Aum Namah Sivaya, the foremost Saivite mantra
*
Shri Rudram, a Vedic chant on the early manifestation of Shiva as Rudra
*
Kapalika, a secretive sect worship Shiva in his
Bhairava form
*
History of Evolution of Saivism*
Saivism*
Aghori*
Hindu views on God and gender*
Shiva Puja*
Madai Sree Vadukunda Shiva Temple*
names of lord shiva*
SHIVA.NET - Offers online darshan.
*[http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/shiva.htm Lord Shiva - God of God's*
Lord Shiva Darshan Video*
The official site of Sri Kalahasthi Temple*
A Divine Life Society book on Shaivism*
Characteristics of Shiva and Shaivism*
Sroutasaivasiddhanta.org*
Meanings for some of the names of Shiva*
Shiva saves British devotee in the nineteenth century*
Shiva easily pleased, His Greatness and Sivaratri*
Greatness of worshipping Shiva*
The famous Shiva temples*
Shiva and Durga, a Vaishnava view*
Shiva Puja and Advanced Yajna
